Crypt::KeyDerivation(3)

NAME
Crypt::KeyDerivation - PBKDF1, PBKDF2, HKDF, Bcrypt, Scrypt, Argon2 key derivation functions

SYNOPSIS
  use Crypt::KeyDerivation ':all';

  my $password = 'secret';
  my $salt = '12345678';
  my $iteration_count = 5000;
  my $hash_name = 'SHA256';
  my $len = 32;
  my $keying_material = 'input keying material';
  my $info = 'context';
  my $rounds = 16;
  my $N = 1024;
  my $r = 8;
  my $p = 1;
  my $type = 'argon2id';
  my $t_cost = 3;
  my $m_factor = 65536;
  my $parallelism = 1;
  my $secret = '';
  my $ad = '';

  ### PBKDF1/2
  my $pbkdf1_key = pbkdf1($password, $salt, $iteration_count, $hash_name, $len);
  my $openssl_pbkdf1_key = pbkdf1_openssl($password, $salt, $iteration_count, $hash_name, $len);
  my $pbkdf2_key = pbkdf2($password, $salt, $iteration_count, $hash_name, $len);

  ### HKDF & co.
  my $hkdf_okm = hkdf($keying_material, $salt, $hash_name, $len, $info);
  my $prk = hkdf_extract($keying_material, $salt, $hash_name);
  my $expanded_okm = hkdf_expand($prk, $hash_name, $len, $info);

  ### bcrypt / scrypt / argon2
  my $bcrypt_key = bcrypt_pbkdf($password, $salt, $rounds, $hash_name, $len);
  my $scrypt_key = scrypt_pbkdf($password, $salt, $N, $r, $p, $len);
  my $argon2_key = argon2_pbkdf($type, $password, $salt, $t_cost, $m_factor, $parallelism, $len, $secret, $ad);

DESCRIPTION
Provides an interface to key derivation functions:

•   PBKDF1 and PBKDF2 according to PKCS #5 v2.0 <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2898>

•   HKDF (+ related) according to <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5869>

•   Bcrypt-PBKDF as defined by the OpenBSD project

•   Scrypt according to <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7914>

•   Argon2 according to <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9106>

While primarily designed for key derivation, the functions PBKDF2, Bcrypt, Scrypt and Argon2 are also widely used for password hashing. In that use case the derived key serves as the stored password hash.

All functions return raw bytes. Passing an output length of 0 returns an empty string in this wrapper API. Argument validation still happens first: required password / input-keying-material arguments reject "undef", invalid hash names and invalid Argon2 type names are still rejected, and malformed optional scalar arguments still return "undef" where applicable.

This zero-length behaviour is a "Crypt::KeyDerivation" wrapper policy. The underlying libtomcrypt functions do not all behave the same way: some accept zero-length outputs, while others reject them with algorithm-specific checks. Code calling libtomcrypt directly should not assume the wrapper behaviour.

EXPORT
Nothing is exported by default.

You can export selected functions:

  use Crypt::KeyDerivation qw(
    pbkdf1 pbkdf1_openssl pbkdf2
    hkdf hkdf_expand hkdf_extract
    bcrypt_pbkdf scrypt_pbkdf argon2_pbkdf
  );

Or all of them at once:

  use Crypt::KeyDerivation ':all';

FUNCTIONS

  pbkdf1
BEWARE: If you are not sure, do not use "pbkdf1" - choose "pbkdf2" instead.

  my $derived_key = pbkdf1($password, $salt, $iteration_count, $hash_name, $len);
  #or
  my $derived_key = pbkdf1($password, $salt, $iteration_count, $hash_name);
  #or
  my $derived_key = pbkdf1($password, $salt, $iteration_count);
  #or
  my $derived_key = pbkdf1($password, $salt);

  # $password ......... [binary string] input keying material (password)
  # $salt ............. [binary string] salt/nonce (expected length: 8 bytes)
  # $iteration_count .. [integer] optional, DEFAULT: 5000
  # $hash_name ........ [string]  optional, DEFAULT: 'SHA256'
  # $len .............. [integer] optional, derived key len in bytes, DEFAULT: 32

In strict PKCS #5 v1 mode, the derived key length must not exceed the selected hash output size. For example, "SHA1" allows at most 20 bytes.

The underlying algorithm uses only the first 8 bytes of $salt. Shorter salts are rejected; longer salts are accepted but truncated to 8 bytes.

  pbkdf1_openssl
Since: CryptX-0.088

OpenSSL-compatible variant of PBKDF1 (implements "EVP_BytesToKey"). Unlike strict "pbkdf1", the output length is not limited to the hash size -- it can be arbitrarily long by chaining hash blocks.

Important: this function implements the OpenSSL-compatible algorithm, but its default parameters do not match the historical "openssl enc" defaults. OpenSSL traditionally uses "MD5" and "iteration_count=1", while this wrapper defaults to "SHA256" and 5000. If you need output compatible with the traditional OpenSSL default behaviour, pass both values explicitly:

  my $derived_key = pbkdf1_openssl($password, $salt, 1, 'MD5', $len);

  my $derived_key = pbkdf1_openssl($password, $salt, $iteration_count, $hash_name, $len);
  #or
  my $derived_key = pbkdf1_openssl($password, $salt, $iteration_count, $hash_name);
  #or
  my $derived_key = pbkdf1_openssl($password, $salt, $iteration_count);
  #or
  my $derived_key = pbkdf1_openssl($password, $salt);

  # $password ......... [binary string] input keying material (password)
  # $salt ............. [binary string] salt/nonce (expected length: 8 bytes)
  # $iteration_count .. [integer] optional, DEFAULT: 5000
  # $hash_name ........ [string]  optional, DEFAULT: 'SHA256'
  # $len .............. [integer] optional, derived key len in bytes, DEFAULT: 32

The underlying algorithm uses only the first 8 bytes of $salt. Shorter salts are rejected; longer salts are accepted but truncated to 8 bytes.

  pbkdf2
  my $derived_key = pbkdf2($password, $salt, $iteration_count, $hash_name, $len);
  #or
  my $derived_key = pbkdf2($password, $salt, $iteration_count, $hash_name);
  #or
  my $derived_key = pbkdf2($password, $salt, $iteration_count);
  #or
  my $derived_key = pbkdf2($password, $salt);

  # $password ......... [binary string] input keying material (password)
  # $salt ............. [binary string] salt/nonce (any length; longer is better)
  # $iteration_count .. [integer] optional, DEFAULT: 5000
  # $hash_name ........ [string]  optional, DEFAULT: 'SHA256'
  # $len .............. [integer] optional, derived key len in bytes, DEFAULT: 32

  hkdf
  my $okm = hkdf($password, $salt, $hash_name, $len, $info);
  #or
  my $okm = hkdf($password, $salt, $hash_name, $len);
  #or
  my $okm = hkdf($password, $salt, $hash_name);
  #or
  my $okm = hkdf($password, $salt);

  # $password ... [binary string] input keying material
  # $salt ....... [binary string | undef] salt; if undef defaults to HashLen zero octets
  # $hash_name .. [string]  optional, DEFAULT: 'SHA256'
  # $len ........ [integer] optional, derived key len in bytes, DEFAULT: 32
  # $info ....... [binary string] optional context/application info, DEFAULT: ''

Use "hkdf" for one-shot extract+expand. For multi-step workflows, use "hkdf_extract" followed by "hkdf_expand".

The input keying material / pseudokey arguments must be string or stringifiable scalars. Optional $salt and $info may be "undef".

  hkdf_extract
  my $prk = hkdf_extract($password, $salt, $hash_name);
  #or
  my $prk = hkdf_extract($password, $salt);

  # $password ... [binary string] input keying material
  # $salt ....... [binary string | undef] salt; if undef defaults to HashLen zero octets
  # $hash_name .. [string]  optional, DEFAULT: 'SHA256'

Returns the pseudorandom key (PRK). Its length is the digest size of the selected hash and it is intended to be passed to "hkdf_expand".

  hkdf_expand
  my $okm = hkdf_expand($pseudokey, $hash_name, $len, $info);
  #or
  my $okm = hkdf_expand($pseudokey, $hash_name, $len);
  #or
  my $okm = hkdf_expand($pseudokey, $hash_name);
  #or
  my $okm = hkdf_expand($pseudokey);

  # $pseudokey .. [binary string] input keying material (normally from hkdf_extract)
  # $hash_name .. [string]  optional, DEFAULT: 'SHA256'
  # $len ........ [integer] optional, derived key len in bytes, DEFAULT: 32
  # $info ....... [binary string] optional context/application info, DEFAULT: ''

$pseudokey is normally the PRK returned by "hkdf_extract".

  bcrypt_pbkdf
Since: CryptX-0.088

bcrypt-based key derivation as defined by the OpenBSD project.

  my $derived_key = bcrypt_pbkdf($password, $salt, $rounds, $hash_name, $len);
  #or
  my $derived_key = bcrypt_pbkdf($password, $salt, $rounds, $hash_name);
  #or
  my $derived_key = bcrypt_pbkdf($password, $salt, $rounds);
  #or
  my $derived_key = bcrypt_pbkdf($password, $salt);

  # $password ... [binary string] input keying material (password)
  # $salt ....... [binary string] salt/nonce
  # $rounds ..... [integer] optional, number of rounds, DEFAULT: 16
  # $hash_name .. [string]  optional, DEFAULT: 'SHA512'
  # $len ........ [integer] optional, derived key len in bytes, DEFAULT: 32

Larger $rounds values increase CPU cost linearly.

  scrypt_pbkdf
Since: CryptX-0.088

scrypt key derivation according to <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7914>.

  my $derived_key = scrypt_pbkdf($password, $salt, $N, $r, $p, $len);
  #or
  my $derived_key = scrypt_pbkdf($password, $salt, $N, $r, $p);
  #or
  my $derived_key = scrypt_pbkdf($password, $salt, $N);
  #or
  my $derived_key = scrypt_pbkdf($password, $salt);

  # $password ... [binary string] input keying material (password)
  # $salt ....... [binary string] salt/nonce
  # $N .......... [integer] optional, CPU/memory cost (must be power of 2), DEFAULT: 1024
  # $r .......... [integer] optional, block size, DEFAULT: 8
  # $p .......... [integer] optional, parallelization parameter, DEFAULT: 1
  # $len ........ [integer] optional, derived key len in bytes, DEFAULT: 32

Use only power-of-two values for $N. Larger $N, $r, and $p increase resource usage substantially; invalid combinations croak.

  argon2_pbkdf
Since: CryptX-0.088

Argon2 key derivation according to <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9106>.

  my $derived_key = argon2_pbkdf($type, $password, $salt, $t_cost, $m_factor, $parallelism, $len, $secret, $ad);
  #or
  my $derived_key = argon2_pbkdf($type, $password, $salt, $t_cost, $m_factor, $parallelism, $len);
  #or
  my $derived_key = argon2_pbkdf($type, $password, $salt, $t_cost, $m_factor, $parallelism);
  #or
  my $derived_key = argon2_pbkdf($type, $password, $salt);

  # $type        ... [string]  one of 'argon2d', 'argon2i', 'argon2id'
  # $password    ... [binary string] input keying material (password)
  # $salt        ... [binary string] salt/nonce (recommended: at least 16 bytes)
  # $t_cost      ... [integer] optional, time cost (number of iterations), DEFAULT: 3
  # $m_factor    ... [integer] optional, memory cost in kibibytes (1 KiB = 1024 B), DEFAULT: 65536 (= 64 MiB)
  # $parallelism ... [integer] optional, degree of parallelism, DEFAULT: 1
  # $len         ... [integer] optional, derived key len in bytes, DEFAULT: 32
  # $secret      ... [binary string] optional, secret value, DEFAULT: ''
  # $ad          ... [binary string] optional, associated data, DEFAULT: ''

Increasing $t_cost, $m_factor, or $parallelism increases work and memory requirements. Invalid combinations croak. Optional $secret and $ad may be "undef"; otherwise they must be string or stringifiable scalars.

SEE ALSO

•   CryptX

•   Crypt::Digest, Crypt::Mac, Crypt::PRNG

•   <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2898>

•   <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5869>

•   <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7914>

•   <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9106>