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# Restic

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This page discusses the restic backup tool, provides a 'quick start' guide, and suggests best practices in the context of Arch Linux.

Restic's main features and benefits are:

- encrypted backups
- remote backups
- built-in support for compression
- efficient storage (chunk-based increments, data is not duplicated)
- gives flexibility to use a custom scheduler like cron or systemd
- written in Go, providing stand-alone binaries

## Installation

Install restic, then initialise a repository in an empty directory (for local backups) with:

    $ restic init --repo /path/to/backup/directory/

See the official tutorial.

## Security

Restic stipulates threat-model assumptions for usage.

It uses symmetric encryption for repositories. This introduces some issues with scheduled backups[1][2], as the key would generally have to be stored in plain text for an automated process to be able to create the backup. Ideally there would be asymmetric encryption that allows to create snapshots with a public key (used in an automated script by restic) yet only decrypt the snapshot with a private key, but this is not supported.

As an advantage of restic's symmetric encryption, it features restic-key(1) commands to manage multiple keys for a repository. Hence, it is possible to add a primary key and secondary keys. Further, the `--password-command` option can be used to fetch a key from a vault. In combination it is possible to safeguard a primary key and use a secondary key:

- for an append-only backup repository,
- securing it via a vault like systemd-creds, or with a second-factor token.

The above methods can be configured both for a system (root) and a regular user, limiting the risk associated with plaintext password credentials for the backup repository.

This article or section needs expansion.

Reason:

Mention TLS features

(Discuss in Talk:Restic)
Note Restic repositories (backups) do not need to be encrypted with LUKS. Restic encrypts data by default.

## Scheduling

### systemd timers

Unlike other tools like timeshift[3], restic does not include a scheduling capability. You are expected to either use cron or systemd timers.

You can use a ready project like restic-automatic-backup-scheduler or follow this example that creates local (full) system backups and should be run as the root user.

The example assumes there is an existing directory where an existing restic repository has been initialised (see #Installation).

#### Create separate volume

This step is optional, but it is a good idea to mount a separate volume there to prevent the automated backup process from potentially consuming all space available to the OS.

The first restic backup will have to clone the entire OS, so the minimum amount of space required is equal to the space taken up by the OS (subject to path exclusions described below) or any other directory that you decide to backup.

Of course, you need space for any additional incremental changes in the future so it is a good idea to create a volume with 2 or even 3 times the size of the data being backed up. E.g. if `/` takes up `55G` then you can create `/mnt/restic` with `110G`.

#### systemd service

You will need a service unit. Create one:

    /etc/systemd/system/restic-backup.service

    [Unit]
    Description=Backup system

    [Service]
    ExecStart=systemd-inhibit /usr/local/bin/restic-backup

Note The service will be invoked by the timer below but can also be started on demand for any unplanned snapshots. systemd-inhibit(1) is optional but recommended to prevent accidental shutdown of the system while a backup is being created. Only available when running in user session

To run the service with minimal required privileges while still allowing read access to all user files, run the service as a restricted user with AmbientCapabilities=CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH

    /etc/systemd/system/restic-backup.service

    [Unit]
    Description=Backup system

    [Service]
    Type=simple
    User=backupuser

    AmbientCapabilities=CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH
    CapabilityBoundingSet=CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH
    DevicePolicy=closed
    LockPersonality=yes
    MemoryDenyWriteExecute=yes
    NoNewPrivileges=yes
    PrivateDevices=yes
    PrivateTmp=yes
    ProtectClock=yes
    ProtectControlGroups=yes
    ProtectHome=read-only
    ProtectHostname=yes
    ProtectKernelLogs=yes
    ProtectKernelModules=yes
    ProtectKernelTunables=yes
    ProtectProc=invisible
    ProtectSystem=strict
    RemoveIPC=yes
    RestrictAddressFamilies=AF_UNIX # AF_INET AF_INET6 (for remote storage)
    RestrictNamespaces=yes
    RestrictRealtime=yes
    RestrictSUIDSGID=yes
    SystemCallFilter=@system-service
    UMask=7007

    ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/restic-backup

    # this makes sure the service prevents shutdown while running (for 90 seconds by default)
    ExecStop=bash -c 'if [[ -n "$MAINPID" ]] ; then tail --pid="$MAINPID" -f /dev/null; fi'

##### Configuring resource constraints

Using systemd gives you the option to put resource constraints on the backup process. E.g. you can limit the amount of memory and / or CPU. This is something you would configure in the systemd service unit. See systemd.resource-control(5).

Another way to constrain the resources used by restic is to use the `GOMAXPROCS` environment variable as described in the official documentation.

#### systemd timer

You will also need a timer unit (this one runs every 15 min):

    /etc/systemd/system/restic-backup.timer

    [Unit]
    Description=Timer for full system backups

    [Timer]
    OnBootSec=5min
    OnUnitActiveSec=15min
    Unit=restic-backup.service

    [Install]
    WantedBy=timers.target

#### Backup script

You will also want to create a small shell script to pass in all the required options, for example:

    /usr/local/bin/restic-backup

    #!/bin/bash

    if pgrep -f 'restic backup' > /dev/null; then
      echo 'restic is already running...' 1>&2
      exit 0
    fi

    set -e
    set -v

    export RESTIC_REPOSITORY='/mnt/restic'
    export RESTIC_PASSWORD_COMMAND='/usr/local/bin/get-restic-password'
    export RESTIC_COMPRESSION='off'
    export RESTIC_CACHE_DIR=~/.cache/restic

    mkdir -p "${RESTIC_CACHE_DIR}"

    restic unlock
    restic backup / --exclude-file=/etc/restic/excludes.txt --tag scheduled
    restic check --with-cache --read-data-subset=5G
    restic forget --prune --keep-hourly 24 --keep-daily 30 --keep-monthly 6 --keep-weekly 4 --keep-yearly 3

    /usr/local/bin/get-restic-password

    #!/bin/bash
    echo VerySecurePassword123

    # chmod 744 /usr/local/bin/restic-backup
    # chmod 700 /usr/local/bin/get-restic-password

##### Compression

You might want to consider enabling compression in restic to save space if you are backing up data that is not already compressed (like large text files).

##### Snapshot retention

Adjust the `restic forget --prune --keep-hourly 24 --keep-daily 30 --keep-monthly 6 --keep-weekly 4 --keep-yearly 3` values in the script above if wanted.

##### Configuring niceness

You may also wish to tweak niceness of the backup process. If you are running backups often you will likely want to reduce the resource usage to prevent it from affecting interactive use. However, you should check how long the backups are taking and make sure they are not overlapping (i.e. a new backup being started when the previous one has not finished).

You can do that with nice(1). You may want to adjust the backup script by adding nice to the beginning of the resource intensive commands e.g.:

    # nice -n 19 restic backup ...
    # nice -n 19 restic check ...

Alternatively if you are using ananicy-cpp you may want to ensure that the niceness is configured in its configuration file(s) under `/etc/ananicy.d/`.

    /etc/ananicy.d/00-types.types

    {"type":"file-sync","nice":19,"ionice":7}

    /etc/ananicy.d/99-custom/file-sync/restic.rules

    {"name": "restic", "type": "file-sync"}

Refer to the restic FAQ for more information.

##### Excludes list

Add the excludes file under `/etc/restic` e.g.:

    /etc/restic/excludes.txt

    /data/**
    /dev/**
    /home/*/**/*.pyc
    /home/*/**/__pycache__/**
    /home/*/**/node_modules/**
    /home/*/.cache/**
    /home/*/.local/lib/python*/site-packages/**
    /home/*/.mozilla/firefox/*/Cache/**
    /lost+found/**
    /media/**
    /mnt/**
    /proc/**
    /root/**
    /run/**
    /swapfile
    /sys/**
    /tmp/**
    /var/cache/**
    /var/cache/pacman/pkg/**
    /var/lib/docker/**
    /var/lib/libvirt/**
    /var/lock/**
    /var/log/**
    /var/run/**

Note Virtual filesystems such as `/proc` or `/run` and partitions mounted under `/mnt` can be automatically excluded from the backup with the `--one-file-system` flag, instead of adding them to an exclude file. This has the advantage of preserving e.g. the directories under `/mnt` to not lose filesystems mountpoints. See Backing up for details.

##### Enable

Do not forget to enable the `restic-backup.timer`.

### Remote append-only backup repository

As with most backup solutions, restic backups can usually be modified by the user that executes the backup. This makes the backup data vulnerable to manipulation and threats like ransomware. While the above example runs the backup as root and thereby prevents trivial modification by local unprivileged users, a compromise of the system will allow malware to delete/overwrite the backup data as well, even if that data is in a remote repository (since the local user authenticates to the remote repository). In order to setup a secure backup solution that cannot be modified, restic can be used in combination with rclone to make use of its append-only feature run on a restricted remote system.

Tip If you control the remote system, the project's restic-rest-serverAUR is an alternative with its append-only mode.
Note Be aware also an append-only repository can be vulnerable, for example if an attacker can manipulate a backup schedule or system date. Restic advises to use special use of its `--keep-within` option to execute any backup retention policy to forget/delete snapshots.

#### Setup restricted 'rclone serve' over ssh

The following will restrict the user to the specified command, effectively allowing only the addition of new data to the path `/home/myuser/backup` while preventing the modification of existing files.

    /etc/ssh/sshd_config

    /etc/ssh/sshd_config
    Match user myuser
      ForceCommand rclone serve restic --stdio --append-only ./backup

#### Run restic through rclone

Initialize the backup repository on the remote ssh server:

    restic -o rclone.program='ssh myuser@backup.tld' -r rclone: init

Execute restic backup with rclone as transport:

    restic -o rclone.program='ssh myuser@backup.tld' -r rclone: backup /home/myuser/importantData

#### Append-only script

Note that it is no longer possible to use the prune option in order to delete old backups since no data on the remote repository can be modified now. The user can only write-append new files and read existing backup data to restore.

    /usr/local/bin/restic-backup

    #!/bin/bash

    if pgrep -f 'restic backup' > /dev/null; then
      echo 'restic is already running...' 1>&2
      exit 0
    fi

    set -e
    set -v

    export RESTIC_REPOSITORY="rclone:"
    export RESTIC_PASSWORD_COMMAND='/usr/local/bin/get-restic-password'
    export RESTIC_COMPRESSION='off'
    export RESTIC_CACHE_DIR=~/.cache/restic

    RCLONE_EXEC="rclone.program=ssh myuser@backup.tld forced-command"
    DATA_PATH="/home/myuser/importantData"

    mkdir -p "${RESTIC_CACHE_DIR}"

    restic -o "${RCLONE_EXEC}" unlock
    restic -o "${RCLONE_EXEC}" backup ${DATA_PATH} --exclude-file="$HOME/.local/scripts/excludes" --tag scheduled
    restic -o "${RCLONE_EXEC}" check --with-cache --read-data-subset=5G

#### Restoring backup data

    restic -o rclone.program='ssh myuser@backup.tld forced-command' -r rclone: restore latest --target /tmp/restoredData

## Tips and tricks

### Password with token as second factor

The following employs a Universal 2nd Factor token, a YubiKey in this example, to derive a password used to unlock a restic repository with its `--password-command` option. A prerequisite is an already set up challenge-response slot, since it can be used for multiple purposes.

First, a random user key is generated and fed into the token's challenge-response function to obtain its token-unique hash:

    $ dd if=/dev/urandom of=/home/username/resticblob bs=512 count=1
    $ chmod 400 /home/username/resticblob
    $ ykchalresp -2 -i/home/username/resticblob
    71832e30cf9d5adb8672154d7a83fa1684f544d3

Second, the hash is copy-pasted to be added as a user access key to the restic repository.

Note You must not save the static hash anywhere, its purpose is to unlock the repository when the token is available. To access the repository without the token, you can rely on the repository password used to add the new key.

    $ restic -r /home/username/restic/ key add
    enter password for repository:
    repository 045a06ef opened (version 2, compression level auto)
    enter new password:
    enter password again:
    saved new key with ID 1991e876106f203c245e45a401b59dedec4aae6656f89152b66eca180385c1b

Now, the token can be used to access the repository transparently:

    $ restic -r /home/username/restic unlock --password-command "ykchalresp -2 -i/home/username/resticblob"
    repository 045a06ef opened (version 2, compression level auto)

Note for the non-interactive use this method requires a token configuration without user-presence (touch) verification for the challenge-response method and some tokens do not allow to configure the feature. The same restriction applies for other methods, unless the `--password-command` option is used to execute a shell script to prepare its output accordingly. Also possible is to use the `--password-file` option, see for example.

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