# GNU Awk Development Workflow

Next: Preface, Up: (dir) [Contents][Index]

# General Introduction

This file describes how to participate in software development for GNU Awk (`gawk`).

Copyright © 2017, 2018, 2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

This is Edition 0.72 of Participating in `gawk` Development.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being “GNU General Public License”, with the Front-Cover Texts being “A GNU Manual”, and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.

1. The FSF’s Back-Cover Text is: “You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU manual.”

## Table of Contents

- Preface
  - Using This Book
  - Typographical Conventions
  - Acknowledgments
  - Notes to Reviewers
- 1 How to Start Contributing
- 2 Using Git
  - 2.1 The “Push/Pull” Model of Software Development
  - 2.2 How Git Stores Branches and Their Copies
  - 2.3 Local Branches
  - 2.4 Branches Represent Development State
    - 2.4.1 Branches in the Savannah Repository
    - 2.4.2 Branches in Your Local Repository
    - 2.4.3 A Closer Look at Branch Naming
- 3 Configuring Global Settings For Git
- 4 Development Without Commit Access
  - 4.1 Cloning The Repo
  - 4.2 Switching Branches
  - 4.3 Starting A New Branch
  - 4.4 Undoing A Change
  - 4.5 Updating and Merging
    - 4.5.1 Rebasing A Local Branch
    - 4.5.2 Dealing With Merge Conflicts
  - 4.6 Submitting Your Changes
  - 4.7 Removing Branches
  - 4.8 Points to Remember
- 5 Development With Commit Access
  - 5.1 Initial Setup
  - 5.2 Cloning The Repo With An `ssh` URL
  - 5.3 Developing Patches
  - 5.4 Developing New Features
  - 5.5 Developing Fixes
- 6 General Development Practices
- 7 Keeping Your Repo Organized
- 8 Development Stuff
  - 8.1 Coding Style
  - 8.2 Assigning Copyrights to the FSF
  - 8.3 Software Tools You Will Need
    - 8.3.1 GNU Tools
    - 8.3.2 Compilers
  - 8.4 Compiling For Debugging
- Appendix A Git Command Cheat Sheet
- Appendix B Git Resources
- Appendix C Stuff Still To Do In This Document
- Index

Next: Contributing, Previous: Top, Up: Top [Contents][Index]

## Preface

This Web page describes how to participate in development of GNU Awk (`gawk`). GNU Awk is a Free Software project belonging to the Free Software Foundation’s GNU project.

The Web page focuses on participation in the project (that is, how to work most effectively if you wish to contribute to it) and also describes how to make use of the Git distributed source code management system for `gawk` development.

You should be comfortable working with traditional UNIX-style tools and with the C language and standard library facilities.

Next: Conventions, Up: Preface [Contents][Index]

### Using This Book

This Web page has the following chapters and appendices:

- Contributing describes how to start contributing to the `gawk` project.
- Using Git introduces the Git distributed source code management system.
- Configuring git describes some initial set-up you need to do before using Git seriously.
- Development without commit access gets into the meat of the development workflow, describing how to work if you don’t have commit access to the Savannah repository.
- Development with commit access continues the discussion, covering what’s different when you can commit directly to the Savannah repository.
- General practices describes general development practices used by the `gawk` development team.
- Repo Maintenance presents several different things you need to know about to keep your repo in good shape.
- Development Stuff describes some important points you should be familiar with in order to participate in `gawk` development and presents some tools that may make your work easier.
- Cheat Sheet provides a short “cheat sheet” summarizing all the Git commands referenced in this Web page.
- Resources provides a few pointers to Internet resources for learning more about Git.

Next: Acknowledgments, Previous: This Manual, Up: Preface [Contents][Index]

### Typographical Conventions

This Web page is written in Texinfo, the GNU documentation formatting language. A single Texinfo source file is used to produce both the printed and online versions of the documentation. Because of this, the typographical conventions are slightly different than in other books you may have read.

Examples you would type at the command line are preceded by the common shell primary and secondary prompts, ‘`$`’ and ‘`>`’. Input that you type is shown `like this`. Output from the command is preceded by the glyph “-|”. This typically represents the command’s standard output. Error messages and other output on the command’s standard error are preceded by the glyph “error→”. For example:

    $ echo hi on stdout
    -| hi on stdout
    $ echo hello on stderr 1>&2
    error→ hello on stderr

In the text, almost anything related to programming, such as command names, variable and function names, and string, numeric and regexp constants appear in `this font`. Code fragments appear in the same font and quoted, ‘`like this`’. Things that are replaced by the user or programmer appear in this font. Options look like this: `-f`. File names are indicated like this: `/path/to/ourfile`. Some things are emphasized like this, and if a point needs to be made strongly, it is done like this. The first occurrence of a new term is usually its definition and appears in the same font as the previous occurrence of “definition” in this sentence.

Characters that you type at the keyboard look `like this`. In particular, there are special characters called “control characters.” These are characters that you type by holding down both the `CONTROL` key and another key, at the same time. For example, a `Ctrl-d` is typed by first pressing and holding the `CONTROL` key, next pressing the `d` key, and finally releasing both keys.

> NOTE: Notes of interest look like this.

> CAUTION: Cautionary or warning notes look like this.

Next: Reviewers, Previous: Conventions, Up: Preface [Contents][Index]

### Acknowledgments

Thanks to Jürgen Kahrs for his initial efforts to write a document like this. Although his prose has not survived, his material was helpful in preparing this Web page.

Thanks to Yehezkel Bernat for reviewing this document and in general for his good intentions.

FIXME: YOUR NAME HERE...

Previous: Acknowledgments, Up: Preface [Contents][Index]

### Notes to Reviewers

Please let me know if anything is missing, or unclear. Real errors with respect Git commands and usage are very important as well.

Spelling errors and typo fixes welcome, but not as important.

Next: Using Git, Previous: Preface, Up: Top [Contents][Index]

## 1 How to Start Contributing

`gawk` development is distributed. It’s done using electronic mail (email) and via branches in the Git repo1 on Savannah, the GNU project’s source code management site.

In this chapter we use some Git terminology. If you’re not at all familiar with Git, then skim this chapter and come back after reading the rest of the Web page.

`gawk` is similar to many other Free Software projects. To begin contributing, simply start! Take a look at the `TODO` file in the distribution, see if there is something of interest to you, and ask on the bug-gawk@gnu.org mailing list if anyone else is working on it. If not, then go for it! (See Development Stuff for a discussion of some of the technical things you’ll need to do. Here we describe the process in general.)

Your contribution can be almost anything that is relevant for `gawk`, such as code fixes, documentation fixes, and/or new features.

> NOTE: If possible, new features should be done using `gawk`’s extension mechanism. If you want to add a user-visible language change to the `gawk` core, you’re going to have to convince the maintainer and other developers that it’s really worthwile to do so.

> Changes that improve performance or portability, or that fix bugs, or that enable more things in extensions, will require less convincing, of course.

As you complete a task, submit patches for review to the bug-gawk@gnu.org mailing list, where you’ll be given feedback about your work. Once your changes are acceptable, the maintainer will commit them to the Git repository.

Over time, as the maintainer and development team gain confidence in your ability to contribute, you may be asked to join the private `gawk` developers’ mailing list, and/or be granted commit access to the Git repository on Savannah. This has happened to more than one person who just “came out of the woodwork.”

Until that happens, or if you don’t want to join the list, you should continue to work with private branches and submission of patches to the mailing list.

Once you have commit access, if you want to make a major change or add a major feature, where the patch(es) would be very large, it has become the practice to create a separate branch, based off of `master`, to host the feature. This way the maintainer can review it, and you can continue to improve it, until it’s ready for integration into `master`.

> NOTE: Because of the GNU project’s requirements for signed paperwork for contributions, the `gawk` project will not work with pull requests from GitHub or any other Git-based software hosting service. You must submit patches to the mailing list, and be willing to sign paperwork for large patches.

The bug-gawk@gnu.org mailing list is not private. Anyone may send mail to it, and anyone may subscribe to it. To subscribe, go to the list’s web page and follow the instructions there. If you plan to be involved long-term with `gawk` development, then you probably should subscribe to the list.

Next: Configuring git, Previous: Contributing, Up: Top [Contents][Index]

## 2 Using Git

This chapter provides an introduction to using Git. Our point is not to rave about how wonderful Git is, nor to go into painful detail about how it works. Rather we want to give you enough background to understand how to use Git effectively for bug fix and feature development and to interact (“play nicely”) with the development team.

Next: Repo Copies, Up: Using Git [Contents][Index]

### 2.1 The “Push/Pull” Model of Software Development

Git is a powerful, distributed source code management system. However, the way it’s used for `gawk` development purposely does not take advantage of all its features.

Instead, the model is rather simple, and in many ways much like more traditional distributed systems such as the Concurrent Versions System (CVS) or Subversion (SVN).

The central idea can be termed “push/pull.” You pull updates down from the central repository to your local copy, and if you have commit rights, you push your changes or updates up to the central repository.

Where Git does stand out is in its management of multiple branches of development. Git makes it very easy to set up a separate branch for use in fixing a bug or developing a feature. You can then easily keep that branch up to date with respect to the main development branch(es), and eventually merge the changes from your branch into the main branch.

Almost always Git does these merges for you without problem. When there is a problem (a merge conflict), usually it is very easy for you to resolve them and then complete the merge. We talk about this in more detail later (see Merge Conflicts).

Next: Local Branches, Previous: Push Pull, Up: Using Git [Contents][Index]

### 2.2 How Git Stores Branches and Their Copies

So how does Git work?2

A repository consists of a collection of branches. Each branch represents the history of a collection of files and directories (a file tree). Each combined set of changes to this collection (files and directories added or deleted, and/or file contents changed) is termed a commit.

When you first create a local copy of a remote repository (“clone the repo”), Git copies all of the original repository’s branches to your local system. The original remote repository is referred to as being upstream, and your local repo is downstream from it. Git distinguishes branches from the upstream repo by prefixing their names with ‘`origin/`’. Let’s draw some pictures. Figure 2.1 represents the state of the repo on Savannah:

    +======================+
    |       Branches       |
    +======================+
    | master               |
    +----------------------+
    | gawk-4.1-stable      |
    +----------------------+
    | gawk-4.0-stable      |
    +----------------------+
    | feature/fix-comments |
    +----------------------+
    | ...                  |
    +----------------------+

Figure 2.1: The Savannah `gawk` Repository

After you clone the repo, on your local system you will have a single branch named `master` that’s visible when you use ‘`git branch`’ to see your branches.

    $ git clone http://git.savannah.gnu.org/r/gawk.git  Clone the repo
    $ cd gawk                                           Change to local copy
    $ git branch                                        See branch information
    -| * master

The current branch is always indicated with a leading asterisk (‘`*`’).

Pictorially, the local repo looks like Figure 2.2 (you can ignore the ‘`T`’ column for the moment):

    +===+======================++=============================+
    | T |    Local Branches    ||      Remote Branches        |
    +===+======================++=============================+
    | X | master               || origin/master               |
    +---+----------------------++-----------------------------+
    |   |                      || origin/gawk-4.1-stable      |
    +---+----------------------++-----------------------------+
    |   |                      || origin/gawk-4.0-stable      |
    +---+----------------------++-----------------------------+
    |   |                      || origin/feature/fix-comments |
    +---+----------------------++-----------------------------+
    |   |                      || ...                         |
    +---+----------------------++-----------------------------+

Figure 2.2: Your Local `gawk` Repository

Note that what is simply `gawk-4.1-stable` in the upstream repo is now referred to as `origin/gawk-4.1-stable`. The ‘`origin/`’ branches are a snapshot of the state of the upstream repo. This is how Git allows you to see what changes you’ve made with respect to the upstream repo, without having to actually communicate with the upstream repo over the Internet. (When files are identical, Git is smart enough to not have two separate physical copies on your local disk.)

If you’re working on a simple bug fix or change, you can do so directly in your local `master` branch. You can then commit your changes, and if you have access rights, push them upstream to the Savannah repo. (However, there is a process to follow. Please read the rest of this Web page.)

Next: Branches are state, Previous: Repo Copies, Up: Using Git [Contents][Index]

### 2.3 Local Branches

Let’s talk about local branches in more detail. (The terminology used here is my own, not official Git jargon.) There are two kinds of local branches:

Tracking Branches

  Tracking branches track branches from the upstream repository. You first create a tracking branch simply by checking out a branch from the upstream. You use the branch name without the leading ‘`origin/`’ prefix. For example, ‘`git checkout gawk-4.1-stable`’.

  You can then work on this branch, making commitments to it as you wish. Once things are ready to move upstream, you simply use ‘`git push`’, and your changes will be pushed up to the main repo.3

  You should never checkout a branch using the ‘`origin/`’ prefix. Things will get very confused. Always work on local tracking branches.

Purely Local Branches

  A purely local branch exists only on your system. You may be developing some large new feature, or fixing a very difficult bug, or have a change for which paperwork has not yet been completed.

  In such a case, you would keep your changes on a local branch, and periodically synchronize it with `master` (or whichever upstream branch you started from).

This may seem somewhat abstract so far. We demonstrate with commands and branches in Development without commit access, later in this Web page.

Let’s say you have checked out a copy of `gawk-4.1-stable` and have created a purely local branch named `better-random`. Then our picture now looks like Figure 2.3, where the ‘`T`’ column indicates a tracking branch.

    +===+======================++=============================+
    | T |   Local Branches     ||      Remote Branches        |
    +===+======================++=============================+
    | X | master               || origin/master               |
    +---+----------------------++-----------------------------+
    | X | gawk-4.1-stable      || origin/gawk-4.1-stable      |
    +---+----------------------++-----------------------------+
    |   |                      || origin/gawk-4.0-stable      |
    +---+----------------------++-----------------------------+
    |   |                      || origin/feature/fix-comments |
    +---+----------------------++-----------------------------+
    |   |                      || ...                         |
    +---+----------------------++-----------------------------+
    |   | better-random        ||                             |
    +---+----------------------++-----------------------------+

Figure 2.3: Your Local `gawk` Repository With a Purely Local Branch

Previous: Local Branches, Up: Using Git [Contents][Index]

### 2.4 Branches Represent Development State

Branches represent development state. At any given time, when you checkout a particular branch (or create a new one), you have a copy of the `gawk` source tree that you should be able to build and test.

The following sections describe the different branches in the `gawk` repository and what they are for, as well as how to use your own branches.

Next: Local State, Up: Branches are state [Contents][Index]

#### 2.4.1 Branches in the Savannah Repository

There are several kinds of branches in the Savannah repository.

Dead Branches

  Branches with the prefix ‘`dead-branches/`’ (such as `dead-branches/const`) hold code that was never merged into the main code base. For example, a feature which was started, but later deemed to be unwise to add. These branches keep the code available, but they are not updated.

Stable Branches

  These branches are used for bug fixes to released versions of `gawk`. Sometimes new development (i.e., user-visible changes) also occurs on these branches, although in a perfect world they would be used only for bug fixes.

  These branches have names like `gawk-4.1-stable`, `gawk-4.0-stable`, and so on. Once a release has been made from `master`, the previous stable branch is not updated. For example, once `gawk` 4.1.0 was released, no more work was done on `gawk-4.0-stable`.

The Main Branch

  This is the `master` branch. Here is where most new feature development takes place, and releases of new major versions are based off of this branch.

  Feature branches are typically based off this branch as well, and when the feature is deemed complete, merged back into it.

Feature Branches

  Often, a proposed new feature or code improvement is quite involved. It may take some time to perfect, or the `gawk` development team may not be convinced that the feature should be kept.

  For this purpose, the team uses branches prefixed with ‘`feature/`’. This prefix is used even for code that simply improves the internals and does not make a user-visible change.

  Having large changes on separate branches makes it easier for members of the team to review the code, and also makes it easier to keep the changes up-to-date with respect to `master`, since Git excels at merging commits from one branch to another.

Next: Remotes, Previous: Repo State, Up: Branches are state [Contents][Index]

#### 2.4.2 Branches in Your Local Repository

Purely local branches are where you do your own development. You may use purely local branches because you don’t have commit rights to the Savannah repo. You may also use them if you are doing some work that isn’t ready for sharing with the rest of the team, or cannot be committed for some other reason.

For example, for around a nine-month period, the maintainer kept a purely local branch for some contributed changes for which paperwork had not yet been completed.

Previous: Local State, Up: Branches are state [Contents][Index]

#### 2.4.3 A Closer Look at Branch Naming

Earlier, we said that Git maintains copies of the branches in the upstream repo, as well as manages your local branches. You can see all these branches with ‘`git branch -a`’:

    $ git branch -a
    -|   gawk-4.1-stable
    -| * master
    -|   remotes/origin/HEAD -> origin/master
    -|   remotes/origin/dead-branches/async-events
    -|   …
    -|   remotes/origin/feature/api-mpfr
    -|   remotes/origin/feature/array-iface
    -|   remotes/origin/feature/fix-comments
    -|   …

You’ll note that what we’ve referred to as ‘`origin/`’ branches appear in the output with an additional prefix: ‘`remotes/`’. Up to this point, we’ve treated Git as if it allowed only a single upstream repository. But in fact, you can configure it to use more than one. All the known upstream repositories are grouped under the ‘`remotes/`’ prefix, with `remotes/origin` being the one from which you initially cloned your local repository.

The ability to work with multiple upstream repositories is an advanced one; `gawk` development does not make use of it. The intent of this subsection is to explain the output from ‘`git branch -a`’, nothing more.

Next: Development without commit access, Previous: Using Git, Up: Top [Contents][Index]

## 3 Configuring Global Settings For Git

Before starting to use Git, you should configure it with some important settings that won’t change as you use Git. You may configure options both globally, and on a per-repository basis. Here, we discuss only global configuration settings.

You can configure Git using either ‘`git config`’, or by editing the relevant files with your favorite text editor.4

The first things to set are your email address and your real name:

    $ git config --global user.name "J.P. Developer"     Set full name
    $ git config --global user.email jpdev@example.com   Set email address

Setting these two items are an absolute requirement. Note: No aliases are allowed. If you can’t supply your real name, you cannot contribute to the project. Other options that the `gawk` maintainer recommends that you use are:

    $ git config --global push.default simple    Only push current branch
    $ git config --global pager.status true      Use pager for output of git status

The global settings are stored in the `.gitconfig` file in your home directory. The file looks like this:

    [user]
            name = J.P. Developer
            email = jpdev@example.com
    [push]
            default = simple
    [pager]
            status = true

The `push.default=simple` setting ensures that older versions of Git only push the current branch up to the Savannah repo. This is the safest way to operate, and is the default in current Git versions.

There may be other settings in your configuration file as well. Use ‘`git config`’ to see your settings:

    $ git config --list
    -| user.name=J.P. Developer
    -| user.email=jpdev@example.com
    -| push.default=simple

Here are the `gawk` maintainer’s settings:

    $ git config --global --list
    -| user.name=Arnold D. Robbins
    -| user.email=arnold@…
    -| credential.helper=cache --timeout=3600
    -| push.default=simple
    -| color.ui=false
    -| core.autocrlf=input
    -| pager.status=true
    -| log.decorate=auto

Additional, per-project (“local”) settings are stored in each repo’s `.git/config` file.

Next: Development with commit access, Previous: Configuring git, Up: Top [Contents][Index]

## 4 Development Without Commit Access

In this chapter we present step-by-step recipes for checking out and working with a local copy of the Savannah Git repo for `gawk`. The presentation is for when you do not have commit access to the Git repo, and so you cannot push your changes directly.

Next: Switching Branches, Up: Development without commit access [Contents][Index]

### 4.1 Cloning The Repo

Clone the Savannah repo using ‘`git clone`’. You may do so using either the native Git protocol, or using HTTP if you must go through a gateway or firewall that won’t pass the Git protocol.

To choose which method, you supply a URL for the repo when you clone it, as follows.

- Clone via the Git native protocol:

      $ git clone git://git.savannah.gnu.org/gawk.git     Clone the repo
      -| ...
      $ cd gawk                                           Start working

  This will be faster, but not all firewalls pass the Git protocol on through.

- Clone via the HTTP protocol:

      $ git clone http://git.savannah.gnu.org/r/gawk.git  Clone the repo
      -| ...
      $ cd gawk                                           Start working

You only need to clone the repo once. From then on, you update its contents using other Git commands. For example, after coming back from your vacation in the Bahamas:

    $ cd gawk               Move to the repo
    $ make distclean        A good idea before updating
    -| ...
    $ git pull              Update it

To build, you should generally follow this recipe:

    $ ./bootstrap.sh && ./configure && make -j && make check

> NOTE: Unless you have installed all the tools described in GNU Tools, you must run `./bootstrap.sh` every time you clone a repo, do a ‘`git pull`’ or checkout a different branch. (In the latter case, do ‘`make distclean`’ first.) Otherwise things will get messy very quickly. The `bootstrap.sh` script ensures that all of the file time stamps are up to date so that it’s not necessary to run the various configuration tools.

Next: Starting A New Branch, Previous: Cloning, Up: Development without commit access [Contents][Index]

### 4.2 Switching Branches

So far, we’ve been working in the default `master` branch. Let’s check what’s happening in the `gawk-4.1-stable` branch:

    $ make distclean                                          Clean up
    $ git checkout gawk-4.1-stable                            Checkout a different branch
    -| ...
    $ git pull                                                Get up to date
    -| ...
    $ ./bootstrap.sh && ./configure && make -j && make check  Start working

Next: Undoing a change, Previous: Switching Branches, Up: Development without commit access [Contents][Index]

### 4.3 Starting A New Branch

Let’s say you want to work on a new feature. For example, you might decide to add Python syntax support.5 You should create a new branch on which to work. First, switch back to `master`:

    $ make distclean
    $ git checkout master

Now, create a new branch. The easiest way to do that is with the `-b` option to ‘`git checkout`’:

    $ git checkout -b feature/python
    -| ...

You now do massive amounts of work in order to add Python syntax support. As you do each defined chunk of work, you update the `ChangeLog` file with your changes before committing them to the repo.

Let’s say you’ve added a new file `python.c` and updated several others. Use ‘`git status`’ to see what’s changed:

    $ git status
    -| ...

Before committing the current set of changes, you can use ‘`git diff`’ to view the changes. You may also use ‘`git difftool`’6 to run an external `diff` command, such as `meld` on GNU/Linux:

    $ git diff                           Regular built-in tool
    $ git difftool --tool=meld           GUI diff tool

When you’re happy with the changes, use ‘`git add`’ to tell Git which of the changed and/or new files you wish to have ready to be committed:

    $ git add ...

Use ‘`git status`’ to see that your changes are scheduled for committing:

    $ git status
    -|

Now you can commit your changes to your branch:

    $ git commit

Running ‘`git commit`’ causes Git to invoke an editor (typically from the `$EDITOR` environment variable) in which you can compose a commit message. Please supply a short message summarizing the commit. This message will be visible via ‘`git log`’.

Next: Updating, Previous: Starting A New Branch, Up: Development without commit access [Contents][Index]

### 4.4 Undoing A Change

Should you need to undo a change that you have not yet committed (so that you can start over), you can do so on per-file basis by simply checking out the file again:

    git checkout awkgram.y      Undo changes to awkgram.y. There is no output

To start over completely, use ‘`git reset --hard`’. Note that this will throw away all your changes, with no chance for recovery, so be sure you really want to do it.

Next: Submitting Changes, Previous: Undoing a change, Up: Development without commit access [Contents][Index]

### 4.5 Updating and Merging

As you work on your branch, you will occasionally want to bring it up to date with respect to `master`. This section discusses updating local branches and handling merge conflicts.

Next: Merge Conflicts, Up: Updating [Contents][Index]

#### 4.5.1 Rebasing A Local Branch

For purely local branches, bringing your branch up to date is called rebasing, which causes the branch to look as if you had started from the latest version of `master`. The steps are as follows:

    $ git checkout master                Checkout master
    $ git pull                           Update it
    $ git checkout feature/python        Move back to new, purely local branch
    $ git rebase master                  “Start over” from current master

Previous: Rebasing, Up: Updating [Contents][Index]

#### 4.5.2 Dealing With Merge Conflicts

Sometimes, when merging from `master` into your branch, or from a branch into `master`, there will be merge conflicts. These are one or more areas within a file where there are conflicting sets of changes, and Git could not do the merge for you. In this case, the conflicted area will be delimited by the traditional conflict markers, ‘`<<<`’, ‘`===`’ and ‘`>>>`’.

Your mission is then to edit the file and resolve the conflict by fixing the order of additions (such as in a `ChangeLog` file), or fixing the code to take new changes into account.

Once you have done so, you tell Git that everything is OK using ‘`git add`’ and ‘`git commit`’:

    $ git checkout feature/python        Move back to new, purely local branch
    $ git rebase master                  “Start over” from current master
    -| ... Kaboom! Conflict. FIXME: Show real output here
    $ gvim main.c                        Edit the file and fix the problem
    $ git add main.c                     Tell Git everything is OK now …
    $ git commit                         … and it’s settled
    $ git rebase --continue              Continue the rebase

The `git rebase --continue` then continues the process of rebasing the current branch that we started in Rebasing. It’s not necessary if you are using ‘`git merge`’ (see Points to remember).

Next: Removing Branches, Previous: Updating, Up: Development without commit access [Contents][Index]

### 4.6 Submitting Your Changes

So now your feature is complete. You’ve added test cases for it to the test suite7, you have `ChangeLog` entries that describe all the changes8, you have documented the new feature9, and everything works great. You’re ready to submit the changes for review, and with any luck, inclusion into `gawk`.

There are two ways to submit your changes for review.

Generate a single large patch

  To do this, simply compare your branch to the branch off which it is based:

      $ git checkout feature/python
      $ git diff master > /tmp/python.diff

  Mail the `python.diff` file to the appropriate mailing list along with a description of what you’ve changed and why.

Generate a set of patches that in toto comprise your changes

  To do this, use ‘`git format-patch`’:

      $ git checkout feature/python
      $ git format-patch

  This creates a set of patch files, one per commit that isn’t on the original branch. Mail these patches, either separately, or as a set of attachments, to the appropriate mailing list along with a description of what you’ve changed and why.

Either way you choose to submit your changes, the `gawk` maintainer and development team will review your changes and provide feedback. If you have signed paperwork with the FSF for `gawk` and the maintainer approves your changes, he will apply the patch(es) and commit the changes.

Which list should you send mail to? If you are just starting to contribute, use bug-gawk@gnu.org. After making enough contributions, you may be invited to join the private `gawk` developers’ mailing list. If you do so, then submit your changes to that list.

If you make any substantial changes, you will need to assign copyright in those changes to the Free Software Foundation before the maintainer can commit those changes. See Doing paperwork, for more information.

Next: Points to remember, Previous: Submitting Changes, Up: Development without commit access [Contents][Index]

### 4.7 Removing Branches

Once the maintainer has integrated your changes, you can get rid of your local branch:

    $ git checkout master                 Move to upstream branch
    $ git pull                            Update
    $ gvim ChangeLog ...                  Verify your changes are in
    $ git branch -d feature/python        Remove your local branch

Previous: Removing Branches, Up: Development without commit access [Contents][Index]

### 4.8 Points to Remember

There are some important points to remember:

- Always do a ‘`make distclean`’ before switching between branches. Things will get really confused if you don’t.
- For upstream branches, always work with tracking branches. Never use ‘`git checkout origin/whatever`’. Git will happily let you do something like that, but it’s just plain asking for trouble.
- Make sure your tracking branches are up-to-date before doing anything with them, particularly using them as the basis for a rebase or merge. This typically means a three-step process:

      $ git checkout master             Get to local copy
      $ git pull                        Bring it up to date
      $ git checkout feature/python     Go back to your branch

  You can then do the actual rebase:

      $ git rebase master               Now rebase your feature off of master

- Git always treats the currently checked-out branch as the object of operations. For example, when comparing files with the regular `diff` command, the usage is ‘`diff oldfile newfile`’. For ‘`git diff`’, the current branch takes the place of newfile, thus:

      $ git checkout feature/python
      $ git diff master                 Compare master to current branch

  or if merging:

      $ git checkout master             Checkout master
      $ git pull                        Update tracking branch
      $ git merge feature/python        Merge changes into master

Next: General practices, Previous: Development without commit access, Up: Top [Contents][Index]

## 5 Development With Commit Access

This chapter describes how to do development when you do have commit access to the `gawk` repo on Savannah.

Next: ssh clone, Up: Development with commit access [Contents][Index]

### 5.1 Initial Setup

Congratulations! After becoming a quality contributor to `gawk` development, you’ve been invited to join the private development list and to accept having commit access to the repo.

The first thing to do is to create an account on Savannah, choosing a unique user name. To do so, go to the Savannah home page and click on the “New User” link. The setup will include uploading of your `ssh` key, as per the instructions on the Savannah web page.

After you’ve done all this, send email to the maintainer with your Savannah user name, and he will add you to the list of users who have commit access to the repo.

Next: Developing patches, Previous: Initial setup, Up: Development with commit access [Contents][Index]

### 5.2 Cloning The Repo With An `ssh` URL

In order to be able to commit changes to the repo, you must clone it using an ‘`ssh://`’ URL. Cloning the repo with `ssh` is similar to cloning with the Git protocol or with HTTP, but the URL is different:

    $ git clone ssh://yourname@git.sv.gnu.org/srv/git/gawk.git
    -| ...

Here, you should replace ‘`yourname`’ in the command with the user name you chose for use on Savannah.

Next: Developing new features, Previous: ssh clone, Up: Development with commit access [Contents][Index]

### 5.3 Developing Patches

The first part of developing a patch is the same as for developers without commit access:

1. Develop the code and test it.
2. Update the `ChangeLog`.
3. If necessary, update the documentation: `doc/gawktexi.in` and/or `doc/gawk.1`.
4. Use ‘`git diff > mychange.diff`’ to create a patch file.
5. Send it to the mailing list for discussion.
6. Iterate until the patch is ready to be committed.

However, now that you have commit access, you can commit the fix and push it up to the repo yourself! Let’s assume you’ve made a bug fix directly on `master`. Here’s how to commit your changes:

    $ git diff            Review the patch one more time
    $ git add …         Add any files for committing
    $ git commit          Commit the files. Include a commit message.
    $ git push            Push the files up to the repo. Ta da!

The first three steps are the same described earlier (see Starting A New Branch). The ‘`git push`’ is what’s new, and it updates the repo on Savannah. Congratulations!

As a courtesy, you should send a note to the mailing list indicating that you have pushed your change.

Next: Developing fixes, Previous: Developing patches, Up: Development with commit access [Contents][Index]

### 5.4 Developing New Features

Developing a new feature can be easier once you have commit access to the repo. First, create a new branch to hold your feature:

    $ git checkout master                     Start from master
    $ git pull                                Be sure to be up to date
    $ git checkout -b feature/python          Create and switch to a new branch

Now, you can develop as normal, adding new files if necessary (such as new tests), modifying code, updating the `ChangeLog` and documentation, and so on.

You can share changes with the mailing list as diffs, as usual. However, especially for a large feature, it would be better to push your branch up to Savannah. Then, everyone else can simply pull it down to their local systems and review your changes at their leisure.

To push your branch up initially:

    $ git diff                                Review your changes
    $ git add …                             Add any files for committing
    $ git commit                              Commit the files. Include a commit message
    $ git push -u origin feature/python       Push the branch up to the repo

When you use ‘`push -u origin`’, Git helpfully converts your purely local branch into a tracking branch. It becomes as if the branch had originated from the upstream repo and you checked it out locally.

You only need to do ‘`git push -u origin`’ once. As you continue to work on your branch, the workflow simplifies into this:

    $ git diff                Review your changes
    $ git add …             Add any files for committing
    $ git commit              Commit the files
    $ git push                Push your changes to the branch upstream

Previous: Developing new features, Up: Development with commit access [Contents][Index]

### 5.5 Developing Fixes

If you want to make a fix on `master` or on the current stable branch, you work the same way, by producing and discussing a diff on the mailing list. Once it’s approved, you can commit it yourself:

    $ git checkout master     Move to master
    $ git pull                Make sure we’re up to date with the maintainer
    $ gvim …                Make any fixes, compile, test
    $ git diff                Review your changes
    $ git add …             Add any files for committing
    $ git commit              Commit the files. Include a commit message.

When you’re ready to push your changes:

    $ git pull                Download latest version; Git will merge
    $ gvim ...                Resolve any merge conflicts with git add and git commit
    $ git push                Now you can push your changes upstream

See Merge Conflicts for instructions on dealing with merge conflicts.

Next: Repo Maintenance, Previous: Development with commit access, Up: Top [Contents][Index]

## 6 General Development Practices

This chapter discusses general practices for `gawk` development. The discussion here is mainly for developers with commit access to the Savannah repo.

Propagating Fixes

  Usually, bug fixes should be made on the current “stable” branch. Once a fix has been reviewed and approved, you can commit it and push it yourself. Typically, the maintainer then takes care to merge the fix to `master` and from there to any other branches. However, you are welcome to save him the time and do this yourself.

Directory ownership

  Some developers “own” certain parts of the tree, such as the `pc` and `vms` directories. They are allowed to commit changes to those directories without review by the mailing list, but changes that also touch the mainline code should be submitted for review.

New feature development

  Unless you can convince the maintainer (and the other developers!) otherwise, you should always start branches for new features from `master`, and not from the current “stable” branch.

  Use ‘`checkout -b feature/feature_name`’ to create the initial branch. You may then elect to keep it purely local, or to push it up to Savannah for review, even if the feature is not yet totally “ready for prime time.”

During development of a new feature, you will most likely wish to keep your feature branch up to date with respect to ongoing improvements in `master`. This is generally easy to do. There are two different mechanisms, and which one you use depends upon the nature of your new feature branch.

As long as your branch is purely local

  You should use ‘`git rebase`’ to the keep the branch synchronized with the original branch from which it was forked:

      $ git checkout master             Move to master
      $ git pull                        Bring it up to date
      $ git checkout feature/python     Move to your new feature branch
      $ git rebase master               Rebase from master

  The rebasing operation may require that you resolve conflicts (see Merge Conflicts). Edit any conflicted files and resolve the problem(s). Compile and test your changes, then use ‘`git add`’ and ‘`git commit`’ to indicate resolution, and then use ‘`git rebase --continue`’ to continue the rebasing. Git is very good about providing short instructions on how to continue when such conflicts occur.

Once the branch has been pushed up to Savannah

  You must use ‘`git merge`’ to bring your feature branch up to date. That flow looks like this:

      $ git checkout master             Move to master
      $ git pull                        Bring it up to date
      $ git checkout feature/python     Move to your new feature branch
      $ git merge master                Merge from master

  Here too, you may have to resolve any merge conflicts (see Merge Conflicts). Once that’s done, you can push the changes up to Savannah.

  When the changes on your branch are complete, usually the maintainer merges the branch to `master`. But there’s really no magic involved, the merge is simply done in the other direction:

      $ git checkout feature/python     Checkout feature branch
      $ git pull                        Bring it up to date
      $ git checkout master             Checkout master
      $ git pull                        Bring it up to date
      $ git merge feature/python        Merge from feature/python into master

  If you’ve been keeping ‘`feature/python`’ in sync with `master`, then there should be no merge conflicts to resolve, and you can push the result to Savannah:

      $ git push                        Push up to Savannah

  Since ‘`feature/python`’ is no longer needed, it can be gotten rid of:

      $ git branch -d feature/python                 Still on master, delete feature branch
      $ git push -u origin --delete feature/python   Delete the branch on Savannah

  The ‘`git push`’ command deletes the `feature/python` branch from the Savannah repo.

  Finally, you should send an email to developer’s list describing what you’ve done so that everyone else can delete their copies of the branch and do a ‘`git fetch --prune`’ (see Repo Maintenance).

  To update the other remaining development branches with the latest changes on `master`, use the ‘`helpers/update-branches.sh`’ script in the repo.

Next: Development Stuff, Previous: General practices, Up: Top [Contents][Index]

## 7 Keeping Your Repo Organized

There are a few commands you should know about to help keep your local repo clean.

Removing old branches

  Developers add branches to the Savannah repo and when development on them is done, they get merged into `master`. Then the branches on Savannah are deleted (as shown in General practices).

  However, your local copies of those branches (labelled with the ‘`origin/`’ prefix) remain in your local repo. If you don’t need them, then you can clean up your repo as follows.

  First, remove any related tracking branch you may have:

      $ git pull                                Get up to date
      $ git branch -d feature/merged-feature    Remove tracking branch

  Then, ask Git to clean things up for you:

      $ git fetch --prune                       Remove unneeded branches

Removing cruft

  As Git works, occasional “cruft” collects in the repository. Git does occasionally clean this out on its own, but if you’re concerned about disk usage, you can do so yourself using ‘`git gc`’ (short for “garbage collect”). For example:

      $ du -s .                               Check disk usage
      -| 99188   .                            Almost 10 megabytes
      $ git gc                                Collect garbage
      -| Counting objects: 32114, done.
      -| Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
      -| Compressing objects: 100% (6370/6370), done.
      -| Writing objects: 100% (32114/32114), done.
      -| Total 32114 (delta 25655), reused 31525 (delta 25231)
      $ du -s .                               Check disk usage again
      -| 75168   .                            Down to 7 megabytes

Renaming branches

  Occasionally you may want to rename a branch.10 If your branch is local and you are on it, us:

      $ git branch -m feature/new-name

  Otherwise, use:

      $ git branch -m feature/old-name feature/new-name

  You then need to fix the upstream repo. This command does so, using an older syntax to simultaneously delete the old name and push the new name. You should be on the new branch:

      $ git push origin :feature/old-name feature/new-name

  > NOTE: It is the leading ‘`:`’ in the first branch name that causes Git to delete the old name in the upstream repo. Don’t omit it!

  Finally, reset the upstream branch for the local branch with the new name:

      $ git push -u origin feature/new-name

Next: Cheat Sheet, Previous: Repo Maintenance, Up: Top [Contents][Index]

## 8 Development Stuff

This chapter discusses other things you need to know and/or do if you’re going to participate seriously in `gawk` development.

Next: Doing paperwork, Up: Development Stuff [Contents][Index]

### 8.1 Coding Style

You should read the discussion about adding code in the `gawk` documentation. See the section Making Additions to `gawk`, in the online documentation for a discussion of the general procedure. In particular, pay attention to the coding style guidelines in the section Adding New Features, also in the online documentation.

Next: Tools, Previous: Coding style, Up: Development Stuff [Contents][Index]

### 8.2 Assigning Copyrights to the FSF

For any change of more than just a few lines, you will need to assign copyright in (that is, ownership of) those changes to the Free Software Foundation.

This is generally an easy thing to do. In particular, you can choose to use a version of the copyright assignment which assigns all your current and future changes to `gawk` to the FSF. This means that you only need to do the paperwork once, and from then on all your changes will automatically belong to the FSF. The maintainer recommends doing this.

The maintainer will help you with this process once you have a contribution that warrants it.

Next: Debugging, Previous: Doing paperwork, Up: Development Stuff [Contents][Index]

### 8.3 Software Tools You Will Need

This section discusses additional tools that you may need to install on your system in order to be in sync with what the `gawk` maintainer uses. It also discusses different C compiler options for use during code development, and how to compile `gawk` for debugging.

Next: Compilers, Up: Tools [Contents][Index]

#### 8.3.1 GNU Tools

If you expect to work with the configuration files and/or the `Makefile` files, you will need to install a number of other GNU tools. In general, you should be using the latest versions of the tools, or least the same ones that the maintainer himself uses. This helps minimize the differences that the maintainer has to resolve when merging changes, and in general avoids confusion and hassle. Similarly, you should install the latest GNU documentation tools as well. The tools are described in the following list:

`autoconf`

  GNU Autoconf processes the `configure.ac` files in order to generate the `configure` shell script and `config.h.in` input file. See the Autoconf home page for more information.

`automake`

  GNU Automake processes the `configure.ac` and `Makefile.am` files to produce `Makefile.in` files. See the Automake home page for more information.

`gettext`

  GNU Gettext processes the `gawk` source code to produce the original `po/gawk.pot` message template file. Normally you should not need need to do this; the maintainer usually manages this task. See the Gettext home page for more information.

`libtool`

  GNU Libtool works with Autoconf and Automake to produce portable shared libraries. It is used for the extensions that ship with `gawk`, whose code is in the `extensions` directory. See the Libtool home page for more information.

`makeinfo`

  The `makeinfo` command is used to build the Info versions of the documentation. You need to have the same version as the maintainer uses, so that when you make a change to the documentation, the corresponding change to the generated Info file will be minimal. `makeinfo` is part of GNU Texinfo. See the Texinfo home page for more information.

Previous: GNU Tools, Up: Tools [Contents][Index]

#### 8.3.2 Compilers

The default compiler for `gawk` development is GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection. The default version of GCC is whatever is on the maintainer’s personal GNU/Linux system, although he does try to build the latest released version if that is newer than what’s on his system, and then occasionally test `gawk` with it.

He also attempts to test occasionally with `clang`. However, he uses whatever is the default for his GNU/Linux system, and does not make an effort to build the current version for testing.

Both GCC and `clang` are highly optimizing compilers that produce good code, but are very slow. There are two other compilers that are faster, but that may not produce quite as good code. However, they are both reasonable for doing development.

The Tiny C Compiler, `tcc`

  This compiler is very fast, but it produces only mediocre code. It is capable of compiling `gawk`, and it does so well enough that ‘`make check`’ runs without errors.

  However, in the past the quality has varied, and the maintainer has had problems with it. He recommends using it for regular development, where fast compiles are important, but rebuilding with GCC before doing any commits, in case `tcc` has missed something.11

  See the project’s home page for some information. More information can be found in the project’s Git repository. The maintainer builds from the `mob` branch for his work, but after updating it you should check that this branch still works to compile `gawk` before installing it.

The (Revived) Portable C Compiler

  This is an updated version of the venerable Unix Portable C Compiler, PCC. It accepts ANSI C syntax and supports both older and modern architectures. It produces better code than `tcc` but is slower, although still much faster than GCC and `clang`.

  See the project’s home page for more information. See http://pcc.ludd.ltu.se/supported-platforms for instructions about obtaining the code using CVS and building it.

  An alternative location for the source is the `gawk` maintainer’s Git mirror of the code.

Previous: Tools, Up: Development Stuff [Contents][Index]

### 8.4 Compiling For Debugging

If you wish to compile for debugging, you should use GCC. After running `configure` but before running `make`, edit the `Makefile` and remove the `-O2` flag from the definition of `CFLAGS`. Optionally, do the same for `extensions/Makefile`. Then run `make`.

You can enable additional debugging code by creating a file named `.developing` in the `gawk` source code directory before running `configure`. Doing so enables additional conditionally-compiled debugging code within `gawk`, and adds additional warning and debugging options if compiling with GCC.

Next: Resources, Previous: Development Stuff, Up: Top [Contents][Index]

## Appendix A Git Command Cheat Sheet

This appendix provides an alphabetical list of the Git commands cited in this Web page, along with brief descriptions of what the commands do.

Note that you may always use either ‘`git help command`’ or ‘`git command --help`’ to get short, man-page style help on how to use any given Git command.

`git add`

  Add a file to the list of files to be committed.

`git branch`

  View existing branches, or delete a branch. Most useful options: `-a` and `-d`.

`git checkout`

  Checkout an existing branch, create a new branch, or checkout a file to reset it. Use the `-b` option to create and checkout a new branch in one operation.

`git clone`

  Clone (make a new copy of) an existing repository. You generally only need to do this once.

`git commit`

  Commit changes to files which have been staged for committing with ‘`git add`’. This makes your changes permanent, in your local repository only. To publish your changes to an upstream repo, you must use ‘`git push`’.

`git config`

  Display and/or change global and/or local configuration settings.

`git diff`

  Show a unified-format diff of what’s changed in the current directory as of the last commit. It helps to have Git configured to use its builtin pager for reviewing diffs (see Configuring git).

`git difftool`

  Use a “tool” (usually a GUI-based program) to view differences, instead of the standard textual diff as you’d get from ‘`git diff`’.

`git fetch`

  Update your local copy of the upstream’s branches. That is, update the various ‘`origin/`’ branches. This leaves your local tracking branches unchanged. With the `--prune` option, this removes any copies of stale ‘`origin/`’ branches.

`git format-patch`

  Create a series of patch files, one per commit not on the original branch from which you started.

`git gc`

  Run a “garbage collection” pass in the current repository. This can often reduce the space used in a large repo. For `gawk` it does not make that much difference.

`git help`

  Print a man-page–style usage summary for a command.

`git log`

  Show the current branch’s commit log. This includes who made the commit, the date, and the commit message. Commits are shown from newest to oldest.

`git merge`

  Merge changes from the named branch into the current one.

`git pull`

  When in your local tracking branch `xxx`, run ‘`git fetch`’, and then merge from `origin/xxx` into `xxx`.

`git push`

  Push commits from your local tracking branch `xxx` through `origin/xxx` and on to branch `xxx` in the upstream repo. Use ‘`git push -u origin --delete xxx`’ to delete an upstream branch. (Do so carefully!)

`git rebase`

  Rebase the changes in the current purely local branch to look as if they had been made relative to the latest commit in the current upstream branch (typically `master`). This is how you keep your local, in-progress changes up-to-date with respect to the original branch from which they were started.

`git reset`

  Restore the original state of the repo, especially with the `--hard` option. Read up on this command, and use it carefully.

`git status`

  Show the status of files that are scheduled to be committed, and those that have been modified but not yet scheduled for committing. Use ‘`git add`’ to schedule a file for committing. This command also lists untracked files.

Next: TODO, Previous: Cheat Sheet, Up: Top [Contents][Index]

## Appendix B Git Resources

There are many Git resources available on the Internet. Start at the Git Project home page. In particular, the Pro Git book is available online.

See also the Savannah quick introduction to Git.

Next: Index, Previous: Resources, Up: Top [Contents][Index]

## Appendix C Stuff Still To Do In This Document

- Fill out all examples with full output

Previous: TODO, Up: Top [Contents][Index]

## Index

Jump to: | - . A B C D E F G K L M O P R S T U

| Index Entry |  | Section
- |  |
| `--help` option for `git`: |  | Cheat Sheet
. |  |
| `.developing` file: |  | Debugging
| `.gitconfig` file: |  | Configuring git
A |  |
| account, Savannah, creation of: |  | Initial setup
| assigning copyright: |  | Doing paperwork
| `autoconf`: |  | GNU Tools
| `automake`: |  | GNU Tools
| autotools: |  | GNU Tools
B |  |
| Bernat, Yehezkel: |  | Acknowledgments
| `bootstrap.sh` script: |  | Cloning
| branch, main: |  | Repo State
| branch, `master`: |  | Repo State
| branches, dead: |  | Repo State
| branches, feature: |  | Repo State
| branches, local: |  | Local Branches
| branches, `origin/`: |  | Repo Copies
| branches, purely local: |  | Local State
| branches, removing: |  | Removing Branches
| branches, removing: |  | Repo Maintenance
| branches, renaming: |  | Repo Maintenance
| branches, stable: |  | Repo State
| branches, tracking: |  | Local Branches
C |  |
| `ChangeLog` file: |  | Starting A New Branch
| `ChangeLog` file: |  | Developing patches
| changes, submitting for review: |  | Submitting Changes
| `clang` compiler: |  | Compilers
| coding style: |  | Coding style
| committing changes: |  | Starting A New Branch
| compilers: |  | Compilers
| compiling for debugging: |  | Debugging
| configuration setting, `pager.status`: |  | Configuring git
| configuration setting, `push.default`: |  | Configuring git
| configuration setting, `user.email`: |  | Configuring git
| configuration setting, `user.name`: |  | Configuring git
| configuration settings: |  | Configuring git
| configuration settings, global: |  | Configuring git
| `configure.ac` file: |  | GNU Tools
| conflicts, from merging: |  | Merge Conflicts
| copyright, assignment: |  | Doing paperwork
| cruft, removing: |  | Repo Maintenance
D |  |
| dead branches: |  | Repo State
| debugging, compiling for: |  | Debugging
| directory ownership: |  | General practices
| documentation files: |  | Developing patches
E |  |
| email address: |  | Configuring git
| extensions, `gawk`: |  | GNU Tools
F |  |
| feature branches: |  | Repo State
| fixes, propagating to other branches: |  | General practices
G |  |
| `gawk.1` manual page: |  | Developing patches
| `gawk.pot` file: |  | GNU Tools
| `gawktexi.in` documentation: |  | Developing patches
| GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection: |  | Compilers
| generating a single patch: |  | Submitting Changes
| generating multiple patches: |  | Submitting Changes
| `gettext`: |  | GNU Tools
| `git add`: |  | Starting A New Branch
| `git add`: |  | Developing patches
| `git add`: |  | Developing new features
| `git add`: |  | Developing new features
| `git add`: |  | Developing fixes
| `git branch`: |  | Repo Copies
| `git branch`: |  | Removing Branches
| `git branch`: |  | General practices
| `git branch`: |  | Repo Maintenance
| `git branch` command, `-a` option: |  | Remotes
| `git checkout`: |  | Local Branches
| `git checkout`: |  | Switching Branches
| `git checkout`: |  | Starting A New Branch
| `git checkout`: |  | Undoing a change
| `git checkout`: |  | Rebasing
| `git checkout`: |  | Submitting Changes
| `git checkout`: |  | Submitting Changes
| `git checkout`: |  | Removing Branches
| `git checkout`: |  | Points to remember
| `git checkout`: |  | Points to remember
| `git checkout`: |  | Points to remember
| `git checkout`: |  | Developing new features
| `git checkout`: |  | Developing fixes
| `git checkout`: |  | General practices
| `git checkout`: |  | General practices
| `git checkout`: |  | General practices
| `git clone`: |  | Repo Copies
| `git clone`: |  | Cloning
| `git clone`: |  | ssh clone
| `git` command, `--help` option: |  | Cheat Sheet
| `git commit`: |  | Starting A New Branch
| `git commit`: |  | Developing patches
| `git commit`: |  | Developing new features
| `git commit`: |  | Developing new features
| `git commit`: |  | Developing fixes
| `git config`: |  | Configuring git
| `git diff`: |  | Starting A New Branch
| `git diff`: |  | Submitting Changes
| `git diff`: |  | Points to remember
| `git diff`: |  | Developing patches
| `git diff`: |  | Developing patches
| `git diff`: |  | Developing new features
| `git diff`: |  | Developing new features
| `git diff`: |  | Developing fixes
| `git difftool`: |  | Starting A New Branch
| `git fetch`: |  | General practices
| `git fetch`: |  | Repo Maintenance
| `git format-patch`: |  | Submitting Changes
| `git gc`: |  | Repo Maintenance
| `git help`: |  | Cheat Sheet
| `git log`: |  | Starting A New Branch
| `git merge`: |  | Points to remember
| `git merge`: |  | General practices
| `git merge`: |  | General practices
| Git Project: |  | Preface
| `git pull`: |  | Cloning
| `git pull`: |  | Switching Branches
| `git pull`: |  | Rebasing
| `git pull`: |  | Removing Branches
| `git pull`: |  | Points to remember
| `git pull`: |  | Points to remember
| `git pull`: |  | Developing new features
| `git pull`: |  | Developing fixes
| `git pull`: |  | Developing fixes
| `git pull`: |  | General practices
| `git pull`: |  | General practices
| `git pull`: |  | General practices
| `git pull`: |  | Repo Maintenance
| `git push`: |  | Local Branches
| `git push`: |  | Developing patches
| `git push`: |  | Developing new features
| `git push`: |  | Developing new features
| `git push`: |  | Developing fixes
| `git push`: |  | General practices
| `git push`: |  | General practices
| `git rebase`: |  | Rebasing
| `git rebase`: |  | Points to remember
| `git rebase`: |  | General practices
| `git reset`: |  | Undoing a change
| `git reset`, `--hard` option: |  | Cheat Sheet
| `git status`: |  | Starting A New Branch
| `git status`: |  | Starting A New Branch
| GitHub: |  | Contributing
| global configuration settings: |  | Configuring git
| GNU `autoconf`: |  | GNU Tools
| GNU `automake`: |  | GNU Tools
| GNU `gettext`: |  | GNU Tools
| GNU `libtool`: |  | GNU Tools
| GNU `makeinfo`: |  | GNU Tools
| GNU software tools: |  | GNU Tools
| GNU Texinfo: |  | GNU Tools
K |  |
| Kahrs, Jürgen: |  | Acknowledgments
L |  |
| `libtool`: |  | GNU Tools
| local branches: |  | Local Branches
M |  |
| main branch: |  | Repo State
| `Makefile.am` file: |  | GNU Tools
| `makeinfo`: |  | GNU Tools
| `master` branch: |  | Repo State
| `meld` utility: |  | Starting A New Branch
| merge conflicts: |  | Merge Conflicts
O |  |
| old branches, removing: |  | Repo Maintenance
| `origin/` branches: |  | Repo Copies
| ownership of directories: |  | General practices
P |  |
| `pager.status` configuration setting: |  | Configuring git
| patch, single, generation of: |  | Submitting Changes
| patches, multiple, generation of: |  | Submitting Changes
| `pcc` compiler: |  | Compilers
| `pcc` compiler, Git mirror: |  | Compilers
| Portable C compiler: |  | Compilers
| Pro Git book: |  | Resources
| propagating fixes to other branches: |  | General practices
| purely local branches: |  | Local State
| `push.default` configuration setting: |  | Configuring git
R |  |
| rebasing: |  | Rebasing
| removing branches: |  | Removing Branches
| removing cruft: |  | Repo Maintenance
| removing old branches: |  | Repo Maintenance
| renaming branches: |  | Repo Maintenance
| Repository, `gawk`, URL for: |  | Cloning
| Repository, `gawk`, URL for: |  | ssh clone
| review, changes you made: |  | Submitting Changes
S |  |
| Savannah, creating an account: |  | Initial setup
| Savannah, using Git guide: |  | Resources
| settings, configuration: |  | Configuring git
| software tools: |  | Tools
| `ssh` key: |  | Initial setup
| stable branches: |  | Repo State
T |  |
| `tcc` compiler: |  | Compilers
| Texinfo: |  | Conventions
| `Texinfo`: |  | GNU Tools
| Tiny C compiler: |  | Compilers
| tracking branches: |  | Local Branches
U |  |
| URL, for cloning repositories: |  | Cloning
| URL, for `gawk` repository: |  | Cloning
| URL, for `gawk` repository: |  | ssh clone
| `user.email` configuration setting: |  | Configuring git
| `user.name` configuration setting: |  | Configuring git

Jump to: | - . A B C D E F G K L M O P R S T U

#### Footnotes

### (1)

Short for “repository”.

### (2)

The following description is greatly simplified.

### (3)

Assuming you have permission to do so, of course.

### (4)

You are required to use either Vim or Emacs, other text editors are not allowed. Of course, reasonable developers wouldn’t want to use any other editor anyway.

### (5)

Just joking. Please don’t attempt this for real.

### (6)

Don’t run ‘`git difftool`’ in the background; it works interactively.

### (7)

You did do this, didn’t you?

### (8)

You remembered this, right?

### (9)

You wouldn’t neglect this, would you?

### (10)

This discussion adopted from here.

### (11)

This bit the maintainer once.