This is nasm.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from nasmdoc.texi.

INFO-DIR-SECTION Programming
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* NASM: (nasm).                The Netwide Assembler for x86.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

   This file documents NASM, the Netwide Assembler: an assembler
targetting the Intel x86 series of processors, with portable source.

   Copyright 1996-2012 The NASM Development Team

   This document is redistributable under the license given in the file
"LICENSE" distributed in the NASM archive.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.33,  Next: Section C.2.34,  Prev: Section C.2.32,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.33. Version 0.98.09b with John Coffman patches released 28-Oct-2001
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Changes from 0.98.07 release to 98.09b as of 28-Oct-2001

   * More closely compatible with 0.98 when -O0 is implied or
     specified. Not strictly identical, since backward branches in
     range of short offsets are recognized, and signed byte values with
     no explicit size specification will be assembled as a single byte.

   * More forgiving with the PUSH instruction. 0.98 requires a size to
     be specified always. 0.98.09b will imply the size from the current
     BITS setting (16 or 32).

   * Changed definition of the optimization flag:

   -O0 strict two-pass assembly, JMP and Jcc are handled more like 0.98,
except that back- ward JMPs are short, if possible.

   -O1 strict two-pass assembly, but forward branches are assembled
with code guaranteed to reach; may produce larger code than -O0, but
will produce successful assembly more often if branch offset sizes are
not specified.

   -O2 multi-pass optimization, minimize branch offsets; also will
minimize signed immed- iate bytes, overriding size specification.

   -O3 like -O2, but more passes taken, if needed


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.34,  Next: Section C.2.35,  Prev: Section C.2.33,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.34. Version 0.98.07 released 01/28/01
-----------------------------------------

   * Added Stepane Denis' SSE2 instructions to a *working* version of
     the code - some earlier versions were based on broken code - sorry
     'bout that.  version "0.98.07"

   01/28/01

   * Cosmetic modifications to nasm.c, nasm.h, AUTHORS, MODIFIED


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.35,  Next: Section C.2.36,  Prev: Section C.2.34,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.35. Version 0.98.06f released 01/18/01
------------------------------------------

   * - Add "metalbrain"s jecxz bug fix in insns.dat - alter nasmdoc.src
     to match - version "0.98.06f"


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.36,  Next: Section C.2.37,  Prev: Section C.2.35,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.36. Version 0.98.06e released 01/09/01
------------------------------------------

   * Removed the "outforms.h" file - it appears to be someone's old
     backup of "outform.h". version "0.98.06e"

   01/09/01

   * fbk - finally added the fix for the "multiple %includes bug",
     known since 7/27/99 - reported originally (?) and sent to us by
     Austin Lunnen - he reports that John Fine had a fix within the
     day. Here it is...

   * Nelson Rush resigns from the group. Big thanks to Nelson for his
     leadership and enthusiasm in getting these changes incorporated
     into Nasm!

   * fbk - [list +], [list -] directives - ineptly implemented, should
     be re- written or removed, perhaps.

   * Brian Raiter / fbk - "elfso bug" fix - applied to aoutb format as
     well - testing might be desirable...

   08/07/00

   * James Seter - -postfix, -prefix command line switches.

   * Yuri Zaporogets - rdoff utility changes.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.37,  Next: Section C.2.38,  Prev: Section C.2.36,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.37. Version 0.98p1
----------------------

   * GAS-like palign (Panos Minos)

   * FIXME: Someone, fill this in with details


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.38,  Next: Section C.2.39,  Prev: Section C.2.37,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.38. Version 0.98bf (bug-fixed)
----------------------------------

   * Fixed - elf and aoutb bug - shared libraries - multiple "%include"
     bug in "-f obj" - jcxz, jecxz bug - unrecognized option bug in
     ndisasm


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.39,  Next: Section C.2.40,  Prev: Section C.2.38,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.39. Version 0.98.03 with John Coffman's changes released 27-Jul-2000
------------------------------------------------------------------------

   * Added signed byte optimizations for the 0x81/0x83 class of
     instructions: ADC, ADD, AND, CMP, OR, SBB, SUB, XOR: when used as
     'ADD reg16,imm' or 'ADD reg32,imm.' Also optimization of signed
     byte form of 'PUSH imm' and 'IMUL reg,imm'/'IMUL reg,reg,imm.' No
     size specification is needed.

   * Added multi-pass JMP and Jcc offset optimization. Offsets on
     forward references will preferentially use the short form, without
     the need to code a specific size (short or near) for the branch.
     Added instructions for 'Jcc label' to use the form 'Jnotcc $+3/JMP
     label', in cases where a short offset is out of bounds. If
     compiling for a 386 or higher CPU, then the 386 form of Jcc will
     be used instead.

   This feature is controlled by a new command-line switch: "O", (upper
case letter O). "-O0" reverts the assembler to no extra optimization
passes, "- O1" allows up to 5 extra passes, and "-O2"(default), allows
up to 10 extra optimization passes.

   * Added a new directive: 'cpu XXX', where XXX is any of: 8086, 186,
     286, 386, 486, 586, pentium, 686, PPro, P2, P3 or Katmai. All are
     case insensitive.  All instructions will be selected only if they
     apply to the selected cpu or lower. Corrected a couple of bugs in
     cpu-dependence in 'insns.dat'.

   * Added to 'standard.mac', the "use16" and "use32" forms of the
     "bits 16/32" directive. This is nothing new, just conforms to a
     lot of other assemblers.  (minor)

   * Changed label allocation from 320/32 (10000 labels @ 200K+) to
     32/37 (1000 labels); makes running under DOS much easier. Since
     additional label space is allocated dynamically, this should have
     no effect on large programs with lots of labels. The 37 is a
     prime, believed to be better for hashing.  (minor)


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.40,  Next: Section C.2.41,  Prev: Section C.2.39,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.40. Version 0.98.03
-----------------------

"Integrated patchfile 0.98-0.98.01. I call this version 0.98.03 for
historical reasons: 0.98.02 was trashed." ---John Coffman
<johninsd@san.rr.com>, 27-Jul-2000

   * Kendall Bennett's SciTech MGL changes

   * Note that you must define "TASM_COMPAT" at compile-time to get the
     Tasm Ideal Mode compatibility.

   * All changes can be compiled in and out using the TASM_COMPAT
     macros, and when compiled without TASM_COMPAT defined we get the
     exact same binary as the unmodified 0.98 sources.

   * standard.mac, macros.c: Added macros to ignore TASM directives
     before first include

   * nasm.h: Added extern declaration for tasm_compatible_mode

   * nasm.c: Added global variable tasm_compatible_mode

   * Added command line switch for TASM compatible mode (-t)

   * Changed version command line to reflect when compiled with TASM
     additions

   * Added response file processing to allow all arguments on a single
     line (response file is @resp rather than -@resp for NASM format).

   * labels.c: Changes islocal() macro to support TASM style @@local
     labels.

   * Added islocalchar() macro to support TASM style @@local labels.

   * parser.c: Added support for TASM style memory references (ie: mov
     [DWORD eax],10 rather than the NASM style mov DWORD [eax],10).

   * preproc.c: Added new directives, `%arg', `%local', `%stacksize' to
     directives table

   * Added support for TASM style directives without a leading % symbol.

   * Integrated a block of changes from Andrew Zabolotny
     <bit@eltech.ru>:

   * A new keyword `%xdefine' and its case-insensitive counterpart
     `%ixdefine'. They work almost the same way as `%define' and
     `%idefine' but expand the definition immediately, not on the
     invocation. Something like a cross between `%define' and
     `%assign'. The "x" suffix stands for "eXpand", so "xdefine" can be
     deciphered as "expand-and-define". Thus you can do things like
     this:

          %assign ofs     0

          %macro  arg     1
                  %xdefine %1 dword [esp+ofs]
                  %assign ofs ofs+4
          %endmacro

   * Changed the place where the expansion of %$name macros are
     expanded. Now they are converted into ..@ctxnum.name form when
     detokenizing, so there are no quirks as before when using %$name
     arguments to macros, in macros etc. For example:

          %macro  abc     1
                  %define %1 hello
          %endm

          abc     %$here
          %$here

   Now last line will be expanded into "hello" as expected. This also
allows for lots of goodies, a good example are extended "proc" macros
included in this archive.

   * Added a check for "cstk" in smacro_defined() before calling
     get_ctx() - this allows for things like:

          %ifdef %$abc
          %endif

   to work without warnings even in no context.

   * Added a check for "cstk" in %if*ctx and %elif*ctx directives -
     this allows to use `%ifctx' without excessive warnings. If there
     is no active context, `%ifctx' goes through "false" branch.

   * Removed "user error: " prefix with `%error' directive: it just
     clobbers the output and has absolutely no functionality. Besides,
     this allows to write macros that does not differ from built-in
     functions in any way.

   * Added expansion of string that is output by `%error' directive. Now
     you can do things like:

          %define hello(x) Hello, x!

          %define %$name andy
          %error "hello(%$name)"

   Same happened with `%include' directive.

   * Now all directives that expect an identifier will try to expand and
     concatenate everything without whitespaces in between before
     usage. For example, with "unfixed" nasm the commands

          %define %$abc hello
          %define __%$abc goodbye
          __%$abc

   would produce "incorrect" output: last line will expand to

          hello goodbyehello

   Not quite what you expected, eh? :-) The answer is that preprocessor
treats the `%define' construct as if it would be

          %define __ %$abc goodbye

   (note the white space between __ and %$abc). After my "fix" it will
"correctly" expand into

          goodbye

   as expected. Note that I use quotes around words "correct",
"incorrect" etc because this is rather a feature not a bug; however
current behaviour is more logical (and allows more advanced macro usage
:-).

   Same change was applied to:
`%push',`%macro',`%imacro',`%define',`%idefine',`%xdefine',`%ixdefine',
`%assign',`%iassign',`%undef'

   * A new directive [WARNING {+|-}warning-id] have been added. It
     works only if the assembly phase is enabled (i.e. it doesn't work
     with nasm -e).

   * A new warning type: macro-selfref. By default this warning is
     disabled; when enabled NASM warns when a macro self-references
     itself; for example the following source:

            [WARNING macro-selfref]

            %macro          push    1-*
                    %rep    %0
                            push    %1
                            %rotate 1
                    %endrep
            %endmacro

                            push    eax,ebx,ecx

   will produce a warning, but if we remove the first line we won't see
it anymore (which is The Right Thing To Do {tm} IMHO since C
preprocessor eats such constructs without warnings at all).

   * Added a "error" routine to preprocessor which always will set
     ERR_PASS1 bit in severity_code. This removes annoying repeated
     errors on first and second passes from preprocessor.

   * Added the %+ operator in single-line macros for concatenating two
     identifiers. Usage example:

            %define _myfunc _otherfunc
            %define cextern(x) _ %+ x
            cextern (myfunc)

   After first expansion, third line will become "_myfunc". After this
expansion is performed again so it becomes "_otherunc".

   * Now if preprocessor is in a non-emitting state, no warning or
     error will be emitted. Example:

            %if 1
                    mov     eax,ebx
            %else
                    put anything you want between these two brackets,
                    even macro-parameter references %1 or local
                    labels %$zz or macro-local labels %%zz - no
                    warning will be emitted.
            %endif

   * Context-local variables on expansion as a last resort are looked
     up in outer contexts. For example, the following piece:

            %push   outer
            %define %$a [esp]

                    %push   inner
                    %$a
                    %pop
            %pop

   will expand correctly the fourth line to [esp]; if we'll define
another %$a inside the "inner" context, it will take precedence over
outer definition.  However, this modification has been applied only to
expand_smacro and not to smacro_define: as a consequence expansion
looks in outer contexts, but `%ifdef' won't look in outer contexts.

   This behaviour is needed because we don't want nested contexts to
act on already defined local macros. Example:

            %define %$arg1  [esp+4]
            test    eax,eax
            if      nz
                    mov     eax,%$arg1
            endif

   In this example the "if" mmacro enters into the "if" context, so
%$arg1 is not valid anymore inside "if". Of course it could be worked
around by using explicitely %$$arg1 but this is ugly IMHO.

   * Fixed memory leak in `%undef'. The origline wasn't freed before
     exiting on success.

   * Fixed trap in preprocessor when line expanded to empty set of
     tokens. This happens, for example, in the following case:

            #define SOMETHING
            SOMETHING


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.41,  Next: Section C.2.42,  Prev: Section C.2.40,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.41. Version 0.98
--------------------

All changes since NASM 0.98p3 have been produced by H. Peter Anvin
<hpa@zytor.com>.

   * The documentation comment delimiter is

   * Allow EQU definitions to refer to external labels; reported by
     Pedro Gimeno.

   * Re-enable support for RDOFF v1; reported by Pedro Gimeno.

   * Updated License file per OK from Simon and Julian.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.42,  Next: Section C.2.43,  Prev: Section C.2.41,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.42. Version 0.98p9
----------------------

   * Update documentation (although the instruction set reference will
     have to wait; I don't want to hold up the 0.98 release for it.)

   * Verified that the NASM implementation of the PEXTRW and PMOVMSKB
     instructions is correct. The encoding differs from what the Intel
     manuals document, but the Pentium III behaviour matches NASM, not
     the Intel manuals.

   * Fix handling of implicit sizes in PSHUFW and PINSRW, reported by
     Stefan Hoffmeister.

   * Resurrect the -s option, which was removed when changing the
     diagnostic output to stdout.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.43,  Next: Section C.2.44,  Prev: Section C.2.42,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.43. Version 0.98p8
----------------------

   * Fix for "DB" when NASM is running on a bigendian machine.

   * Invoke insns.pl once for each output script, making Makefile.in
     legal for "make -j".

   * Improve the Unix configure-based makefiles to make package
     creation easier.

   * Included an RPM .spec file for building RPM (RedHat Package
     Manager) packages on Linux or Unix systems.

   * Fix Makefile dependency problems.

   * Change src/rdsrc.pl to include sectioning information in info
     output; required for install-info to work.

   * Updated the RDOFF distribution to version 2 from Jules; minor
     massaging to make it compile in my environment.

   * Split doc files that can be built by anyone with a Perl
     interpreter off into a separate archive.

   * "Dress rehearsal" release!


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.44,  Next: Section C.2.45,  Prev: Section C.2.43,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.44. Version 0.98p7
----------------------

   * Fixed opcodes with a third byte-sized immediate argument to not
     complain if given "byte" on the immediate.

   * Allow `%undef' to remove single-line macros with arguments. This
     matches the behaviour of #undef in the C preprocessor.

   * Allow -d, -u, -i and -p to be specified as -D, -U, -I and -P for
     compatibility with most C compilers and preprocessors. This allows
     Makefile options to be shared between cc and nasm, for example.

   * Minor cleanups.

   * Went through the list of Katmai instructions and hopefully fixed
     the (rather few) mistakes in it.

   * (Hopefully) fixed a number of disassembler bugs related to
     ambiguous instructions (disambiguated by -p) and SSE instructions
     with REP.

   * Fix for bug reported by Mark Junger: "call dword 0x12345678"
     should work and may add an OSP (affected CALL, JMP, Jcc).

   * Fix for environments when "stderr" isn't a compile-time constant.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.45,  Next: Section C.2.46,  Prev: Section C.2.44,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.45. Version 0.98p6
----------------------

   * Took officially over coordination of the 0.98 release; so drop the
     p3.x notation. Skipped p4 and p5 to avoid confusion with John
     Fine's J4 and J5 releases.

   * Update the documentation; however, it still doesn't include
     documentation for the various new instructions. I somehow wonder
     if it makes sense to have an instruction set reference in the
     assembler manual when Intel et al have PDF versions of their
     manuals online.

   * Recognize "idt" or "centaur" for the -p option to ndisasm.

   * Changed error messages back to stderr where they belong, but add
     an -E option to redirect them elsewhere (the DOS shell cannot
     redirect stderr.)

   * -M option to generate Makefile dependencies (based on code from
     Alex Verstak.)

   * `%undef' preprocessor directive, and -u option, that undefines a
     single-line macro.

   * OS/2 Makefile (Mkfiles/Makefile.os2) for Borland under OS/2; from
     Chuck Crayne.

   * Various minor bugfixes (reported by): - Dangling `%s' in preproc.c
     (Martin Junker)

   * THERE ARE KNOWN BUGS IN SSE AND THE OTHER KATMAI INSTRUCTIONS. I
     am on a trip and didn't bring the Katmai instruction reference, so
     I can't work on them right now.

   * Updated the License file per agreement with Simon and Jules to
     include a GPL distribution clause.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.46,  Next: Section C.2.47,  Prev: Section C.2.45,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.46. Version 0.98p3.7
------------------------

   * (Hopefully) fixed the canned Makefiles to include the outrdf2 and
     zoutieee modules.

   * Renamed changes.asm to changed.asm.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.47,  Next: Section C.2.48,  Prev: Section C.2.46,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.47. Version 0.98p3.6
------------------------

   * Fixed a bunch of instructions that were added in 0.98p3.5 which
     had memory operands, and the address-size prefix was missing from
     the instruction pattern.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.48,  Next: Section C.2.49,  Prev: Section C.2.47,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.48. Version 0.98p3.5
------------------------

   * Merged in changes from John S. Fine's 0.98-J5 release. John's
     based 0.98-J5 on my 0.98p3.3 release; this merges the changes.

   * Expanded the instructions flag field to a long so we can fit more
     flags; mark SSE (KNI) and AMD or Katmai-specific instructions as
     such.

   * Fix the "PRIV" flag on a bunch of instructions, and create new
     "PROT" flag for protected-mode-only instructions (orthogonal to if
     the instruction is privileged!) and new "SMM" flag for SMM-only
     instructions.

   * Added AMD-only SYSCALL and SYSRET instructions.

   * Make SSE actually work, and add new Katmai MMX instructions.

   * Added a -p (preferred vendor) option to ndisasm so that it can
     distinguish e.g. Cyrix opcodes also used in SSE. For example:

          ndisasm -p cyrix aliased.bin
          00000000  670F514310        paddsiw mm0,[ebx+0x10]
          00000005  670F514320        paddsiw mm0,[ebx+0x20]
          ndisasm -p intel aliased.bin
          00000000  670F514310        sqrtps xmm0,[ebx+0x10]
          00000005  670F514320        sqrtps xmm0,[ebx+0x20]

   * Added a bunch of Cyrix-specific instructions.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.49,  Next: Section C.2.50,  Prev: Section C.2.48,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.49. Version 0.98p3.4
------------------------

   * Made at least an attempt to modify all the additional Makefiles
     (in the Mkfiles directory). I can't test it, but this was the best
     I could do.

   * DOS DJGPP+"Opus Make" Makefile from John S. Fine.

   * changes.asm changes from John S. Fine.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.50,  Next: Section C.2.51,  Prev: Section C.2.49,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.50. Version 0.98p3.3
------------------------

   * Patch from Conan Brink to allow nesting of `%rep' directives.

   * If we're going to allow INT01 as an alias for INT1/ICEBP (one of
     Jules 0.98p3 changes), then we should allow INT03 as an alias for
     INT3 as well.

   * Updated changes.asm to include the latest changes.

   * Tried to clean up the <CR>s that had snuck in from a DOS/Windows
     environment into my Unix environment, and try to make sure than
     DOS/Windows users get them back.

   * We would silently generate broken tools if insns.dat wasn't sorted
     properly. Change insns.pl so that the order doesn't matter.

   * Fix bug in insns.pl (introduced by me) which would cause
     conditional instructions to have an extra "cc" in disassembly,
     e.g. "jnz" disassembled as "jccnz".


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.51,  Next: Section C.2.52,  Prev: Section C.2.50,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.51. Version 0.98p3.2
------------------------

   * Merged in John S. Fine's changes from his 0.98-J4 prerelease; see
     http://www.csoft.net/cz/johnfine/

   * Changed previous "spotless" Makefile target (appropriate for
     distribution) to "distclean", and added "cleaner" target which is
     same as "clean" except deletes files generated by Perl scripts;
     "spotless" is union.

   * Removed BASIC programs from distribution. Get a Perl interpreter
     instead (see below.)

   * Calling this "pre-release 3.2" rather than "p3-hpa2" because of
     John's contributions.

   * Actually link in the IEEE output format (zoutieee.c); fix a bunch
     of compiler warnings in that file. Note I don't know what IEEE
     output is supposed to look like, so these changes were made
     "blind".


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.52,  Next: Section C.2.53,  Prev: Section C.2.51,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.52. Version 0.98p3-hpa
--------------------------

   * Merged nasm098p3.zip with nasm-0.97.tar.gz to create a fully
     buildable version for Unix systems (Makefile.in updates, etc.)

   * Changed insns.pl to create the instruction tables in nasm.h and
     names.c, so that a new instruction can be added by adding it
     *only* to insns.dat.

   * Added the following new instructions: SYSENTER, SYSEXIT, FXSAVE,
     FXRSTOR, UD1, UD2 (the latter two are two opcodes that Intel
     guarantee will never be used; one of them is documented as UD2 in
     Intel documentation, the other one just as "Undefined Opcode" ---
     calling it UD1 seemed to make sense.)

   * MAX_SYMBOL was defined to be 9, but LOADALL286 and LOADALL386 are
     10 characters long. Now MAX_SYMBOL is derived from insns.dat.

   * A note on the BASIC programs included: forget them. insns.bas is
     already out of date. Get yourself a Perl interpreter for your
     platform of choice at http://www.cpan.org/ports/index.html.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.53,  Next: Section C.2.54,  Prev: Section C.2.52,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.53. Version 0.98 pre-release 3
----------------------------------

   * added response file support, improved command line handling, new
     layout help screen

   * fixed limit checking bug, 'OUT byte nn, reg' bug, and a couple of
     rdoff related bugs, updated Wishlist; 0.98 Prerelease 3.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.54,  Next: Section C.2.55,  Prev: Section C.2.53,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.54. Version 0.98 pre-release 2
----------------------------------

   * fixed bug in outcoff.c to do with truncating section names longer
     than 8 characters, referencing beyond end of string; 0.98
     pre-release 2


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.55,  Next: Section C.3,  Prev: Section C.2.54,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.55. Version 0.98 pre-release 1
----------------------------------

   * Fixed a bug whereby STRUC didn't work at all in RDF.

   * Fixed a problem with group specification in PUBDEFs in OBJ.

   * Improved ease of adding new output formats. Contribution due to
     Fox Cutter.

   * Fixed a bug in relocations in the `bin' format: was showing up
     when a relocatable reference crossed an 8192-byte boundary in any
     output section.

   * Fixed a bug in local labels: local-label lookups were inconsistent
     between passes one and two if an EQU occurred between the
     definition of a global label and the subsequent use of a local
     label local to that global.

   * Fixed a seg-fault in the preprocessor (again) which happened when
     you use a blank line as the first line of a multi-line macro
     definition and then defined a label on the same line as a call to
     that macro.

   * Fixed a stale-pointer bug in the handling of the NASM environment
     variable.  Thanks to Thomas McWilliams.

   * ELF had a hard limit on the number of sections which caused
     segfaults when transgressed. Fixed.

   * Added ability for ndisasm to read from stdin by using `-' as the
     filename.

   * ndisasm wasn't outputting the TO keyword. Fixed.

   * Fixed error cascade on bogus expression in `%if' - an error in
     evaluation was causing the entire `%if' to be discarded, thus
     creating trouble later when the `%else' or `%endif' was
     encountered.

   * Forward reference tracking was instruction-granular not operand-
     granular, which was causing 286-specific code to be generated
     needlessly on code of the form `shr word [forwardref],1'. Thanks
     to Jim Hague for sending a patch.

   * All messages now appear on stdout, as sending them to stderr
     serves no useful purpose other than to make redirection difficult.

   * Fixed the problem with EQUs pointing to an external symbol - this
     now generates an error message.

   * Allowed multiple size prefixes to an operand, of which only the
     first is taken into account.

   * Incorporated John Fine's changes, including fixes of a large
     number of preprocessor bugs, some small problems in OBJ, and a
     reworking of label handling to define labels before their line is
     assembled, rather than after.

   * Reformatted a lot of the source code to be more readable. Included
     'coding.txt' as a guideline for how to format code for
     contributors.

   * Stopped nested `%reps' causing a panic - they now cause a slightly
     more friendly error message instead.

   * Fixed floating point constant problems (patch by Pedro Gimeno)

   * Fixed the return value of insn_size() not being checked for -1,
     indicating an error.

   * Incorporated 3Dnow! instructions.

   * Fixed the 'mov eax, eax + ebx' bug.

   * Fixed the GLOBAL EQU bug in ELF. Released developers release 3.

   * Incorporated John Fine's command line parsing changes

   * Incorporated David Lindauer's OMF debug support

   * Made changes for LCC 4.0 support (`__NASM_CDecl__', removed
     register size specification warning when sizes agree).


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.3,  Next: Section C.3.1,  Prev: Section C.2.55,  Up: Appendix C

C.3. NASM 0.9 Series
====================

Revisions before 0.98.

* Menu:

* Section C.3.1:: Version 0.97 released December 1997
* Section C.3.2:: Version 0.96 released November 1997
* Section C.3.3:: Version 0.95 released July 1997
* Section C.3.4:: Version 0.94 released April 1997
* Section C.3.5:: Version 0.93 released January 1997
* Section C.3.6:: Version 0.92 released January 1997
* Section C.3.7:: Version 0.91 released November 1996
* Section C.3.8:: Version 0.90 released October 1996


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.3.1,  Next: Section C.3.2,  Prev: Section C.3,  Up: Section C.3

C.3.1. Version 0.97 released December 1997
------------------------------------------

   * This was entirely a bug-fix release to 0.96, which seems to have
     got cursed. Silly me.

   * Fixed stupid mistake in OBJ which caused `MOV EAX,<constant>' to
     fail.  Caused by an error in the `MOV EAX,<segment>' support.

   * ndisasm hung at EOF when compiled with lcc on Linux because lcc on
     Linux somehow breaks feof(). ndisasm now does not rely on feof().

   * A heading in the documentation was missing due to a markup error
     in the indexing. Fixed.

   * Fixed failure to update all pointers on realloc() within extended-
     operand code in parser.c. Was causing wrong behaviour and seg
     faults on lines such as `dd 0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,...'

   * Fixed a subtle preprocessor bug whereby invoking one multi-line
     macro on the first line of the expansion of another, when the
     second had been invoked with a label defined before it, didn't
     expand the inner macro.

   * Added internal.doc back in to the distribution archives - it was
     missing in 0.96 *blush*

   * Fixed bug causing 0.96 to be unable to assemble its own test files,
     specifically objtest.asm. *blush again*

   * Fixed seg-faults and bogus error messages caused by mismatching
     `%rep' and `%endrep' within multi-line macro definitions.

   * Fixed a problem with buffer overrun in OBJ, which was causing
     corruption at ends of long PUBDEF records.

   * Separated DOS archives into main-program and documentation to
     reduce download size.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.3.2,  Next: Section C.3.3,  Prev: Section C.3.1,  Up: Section C.3

C.3.2. Version 0.96 released November 1997
------------------------------------------

   * Fixed a bug whereby, if `nasm sourcefile' would cause a filename
     collision warning and put output into `nasm.out', then `nasm
     sourcefile -o outputfile' still gave the warning even though the
     `-o' was honoured. Fixed name pollution under Digital UNIX: one of
     its header files defined R_SP, which broke the enum in nasm.h.

   * Fixed minor instruction table problems: FUCOM and FUCOMP didn't
     have two- operand forms; NDISASM didn't recognise the longer
     register forms of PUSH and POP (eg FF F3 for PUSH BX); TEST
     mem,imm32 was flagged as undocumented; the 32-bit forms of CMOV
     had 16-bit operand size prefixes; `AAD imm' and `AAM imm' are no
     longer flagged as undocumented because the Intel Architecture
     reference documents them.

   * Fixed a problem with the local-label mechanism, whereby strange
     types of symbol (EQUs, auto-defined OBJ segment base symbols)
     interfered with the `previous global label' value and screwed up
     local labels.

   * Fixed a bug whereby the stub preprocessor didn't communicate with
     the listing file generator, so that the -a and -l options in
     conjunction would produce a useless listing file.

   * Merged `os2' object file format back into `obj', after discovering
     that `obj' _also_ shouldn't have a link pass separator in a module
     containing a non-trivial MODEND. Flat segments are now declared
     using the FLAT attribute. `os2' is no longer a valid object format
     name: use `obj'.

   * Removed the fixed-size temporary storage in the evaluator. Very
     very long expressions (like `mov ax,1+1+1+1+...' for two hundred
     1s or so) should now no longer crash NASM.

   * Fixed a bug involving segfaults on disassembly of MMX
     instructions, by changing the meaning of one of the operand-type
     flags in nasm.h. This may cause other apparently unrelated MMX
     problems; it needs to be tested thoroughly.

   * Fixed some buffer overrun problems with large OBJ output files.
     Thanks to DJ Delorie for the bug report and fix.

   * Made preprocess-only mode actually listen to the `%line' markers
     as it prints them, so that it can report errors more sanely.

   * Re-designed the evaluator to keep more sensible track of
     expressions involving forward references: can now cope with
     previously-nightmare situations such as:

       mov ax,foo | bar
       foo equ 1
       bar equ 2

   * Added the ALIGN and ALIGNB standard macros.

   * Added PIC support in ELF: use of WRT to obtain the four extra
     relocation types needed.

   * Added the ability for output file formats to define their own
     extensions to the GLOBAL, COMMON and EXTERN directives.

   * Implemented common-variable alignment, and global-symbol type and
     size declarations, in ELF.

   * Implemented NEAR and FAR keywords for common variables, plus
     far-common element size specification, in OBJ.

   * Added a feature whereby EXTERNs and COMMONs in OBJ can be given a
     default WRT specification (either a segment or a group).

   * Transformed the Unix NASM archive into an auto-configuring package.

   * Added a sanity-check for people applying SEG to things which are
     already segment bases: this previously went unnoticed by the SEG
     processing and caused OBJ-driver panics later.

   * Added the ability, in OBJ format, to deal with `MOV EAX,<segment>'
     type references: OBJ doesn't directly support dword-size segment
     base fixups, but as long as the low two bytes of the constant term
     are zero, a word-size fixup can be generated instead and it will
     work.

   * Added the ability to specify sections' alignment requirements in
     Win32 object files and pure binary files.

   * Added preprocess-time expression evaluation: the `%assign' (and
     `%iassign') directive and the bare `%if' (and `%elif')
     conditional. Added relational operators to the evaluator, for use
     only in `%if' constructs: the standard relationals = < > <= >= <>
     (and C-like synonyms == and !=) plus low-precedence logical
     operators &&, ^^ and ||.

   * Added a preprocessor repeat construct: `%rep' / `%exitrep' /
     `%endrep'.

   * Added the __FILE__ and __LINE__ standard macros.

   * Added a sanity check for number constants being greater than
     0xFFFFFFFF.  The warning can be disabled.

   * Added the %0 token whereby a variadic multi-line macro can tell
     how many parameters it's been given in a specific invocation.

   * Added `%rotate', allowing multi-line macro parameters to be cycled.

   * Added the `*' option for the maximum parameter count on multi-line
     macros, allowing them to take arbitrarily many parameters.

   * Added the ability for the user-level forms of EXTERN, GLOBAL and
     COMMON to take more than one argument.

   * Added the IMPORT and EXPORT directives in OBJ format, to deal with
     Windows DLLs.

   * Added some more preprocessor `%if' constructs: `%ifidn' /
     `%ifidni' (exact textual identity), and `%ifid' / `%ifnum' /
     `%ifstr' (token type testing).

   * Added the ability to distinguish SHL AX,1 (the 8086 version) from
     SHL AX,BYTE 1 (the 286-and-upwards version whose constant happens
     to be 1).

   * Added NetBSD/FreeBSD/OpenBSD's variant of a.out format, complete
     with PIC shared library features.

   * Changed NASM's idiosyncratic handling of FCLEX, FDISI, FENI,
     FINIT, FSAVE, FSTCW, FSTENV, and FSTSW to bring it into line with
     the otherwise accepted standard. The previous behaviour, though it
     was a deliberate feature, was a deliberate feature based on a
     misunderstanding. Apologies for the inconvenience.

   * Improved the flexibility of ABSOLUTE: you can now give it an
     expression rather than being restricted to a constant, and it can
     take relocatable arguments as well.

   * Added the ability for a variable to be declared as EXTERN multiple
     times, and the subsequent definitions are just ignored.

   * We now allow instruction prefixes (CS, DS, LOCK, REPZ etc) to be
     alone on a line (without a following instruction).

   * Improved sanity checks on whether the arguments to EXTERN, GLOBAL
     and COMMON are valid identifiers.

   * Added misc/exebin.mac to allow direct generation of .EXE files by
     hacking up an EXE header using DB and DW; also added
     test/binexe.asm to demonstrate the use of this. Thanks to Yann
     Guidon for contributing the EXE header code.

   * ndisasm forgot to check whether the input file had been
     successfully opened. Now it does. Doh!

   * Added the Cyrix extensions to the MMX instruction set.

   * Added a hinting mechanism to allow [EAX+EBX] and [EBX+EAX] to be
     assembled differently. This is important since [ESI+EBP] and
     [EBP+ESI] have different default base segment registers.

   * Added support for the PharLap OMF extension for 4096-byte segment
     alignment.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.3.3,  Next: Section C.3.4,  Prev: Section C.3.2,  Up: Section C.3

C.3.3. Version 0.95 released July 1997
--------------------------------------

   * Fixed yet another ELF bug. This one manifested if the user relied
     on the default segment, and attempted to define global symbols
     without first explicitly declaring the target segment.

   * Added makefiles (for NASM and the RDF tools) to build Win32
     console apps under Symantec C++. Donated by Mark Junker.

   * Added `macros.bas' and `insns.bas', QBasic versions of the Perl
     scripts that convert `standard.mac' to `macros.c' and convert
     `insns.dat' to `insnsa.c' and `insnsd.c'. Also thanks to Mark
     Junker.

   * Changed the diassembled forms of the conditional instructions so
     that JB is now emitted as JC, and other similar changes. Suggested
     list by Ulrich Doewich.

   * Added `@' to the list of valid characters to begin an identifier
     with.

   * Documentary changes, notably the addition of the `Common Problems'
     section in nasm.doc.

   * Fixed a bug relating to 32-bit PC-relative fixups in OBJ.

   * Fixed a bug in perm_copy() in labels.c which was causing
     exceptions in cleanup_labels() on some systems.

   * Positivity sanity check in TIMES argument changed from a warning
     to an error following a further complaint.

   * Changed the acceptable limits on byte and word operands to allow
     things like `~10111001b' to work.

   * Fixed a major problem in the preprocessor which caused seg-faults
     if macro definitions contained blank lines or comment-only lines.

   * Fixed inadequate error checking on the commas separating the
     arguments to `db', `dw' etc.

   * Fixed a crippling bug in the handling of macros with operand
     counts defined with a `+' modifier.

   * Fixed a bug whereby object file formats which stored the input
     file name in the output file (such as OBJ and COFF) weren't doing
     so correctly when the output file name was specified on the
     command line.

   * Removed [INC] and [INCLUDE] support for good, since they were
     obsolete anyway.

   * Fixed a bug in OBJ which caused all fixups to be output in 16-bit
     (old- format) FIXUPP records, rather than putting the 32-bit ones
     in FIXUPP32 (new-format) records.

   * Added, tentatively, OS/2 object file support (as a minor variant
     on OBJ).

   * Updates to Fox Cutter's Borland C makefile, Makefile.bc2.

   * Removed a spurious second fclose() on the output file.

   * Added the `-s' command line option to redirect all messages which
     would go to stderr (errors, help text) to stdout instead.

   * Added the `-w' command line option to selectively suppress some
     classes of assembly warning messages.

   * Added the `-p' pre-include and `-d' pre-define command-line
     options.

   * Added an include file search path: the `-i' command line option.

   * Fixed a silly little preprocessor bug whereby starting a line with
     a `%!'  environment-variable reference caused an `unknown
     directive' error.

   * Added the long-awaited listing file support: the `-l' command line
     option.

   * Fixed a problem with OBJ format whereby, in the absence of any
     explicit segment definition, non-global symbols declared in the
     implicit default segment generated spurious EXTDEF records in the
     output.

   * Added the NASM environment variable.

   * From this version forward, Win32 console-mode binaries will be
     included in the DOS distribution in addition to the 16-bit
     binaries. Added Makefile.vc for this purpose.

   * Added `return 0;' to test/objlink.c to prevent compiler warnings.

   * Added the __NASM_MAJOR__ and __NASM_MINOR__ standard defines.

   * Added an alternative memory-reference syntax in which prefixing an
     operand with `&' is equivalent to enclosing it in square brackets,
     at the request of Fox Cutter.

   * Errors in pass two now cause the program to return a non-zero
     error code, which they didn't before.

   * Fixed the single-line macro cycle detection, which didn't work at
     all on macros with no parameters (caused an infinite loop). Also
     changed the behaviour of single-line macro cycle detection to work
     like cpp, so that macros like `extrn' as given in the
     documentation can be implemented.

   * Fixed the implementation of WRT, which was too restrictive in that
     you couldn't do `mov ax,[di+abc wrt dgroup]' because (di+abc)
     wasn't a relocatable reference.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.3.4,  Next: Section C.3.5,  Prev: Section C.3.3,  Up: Section C.3

C.3.4. Version 0.94 released April 1997
---------------------------------------

   * Major item: added the macro processor.

   * Added undocumented instructions SMI, IBTS, XBTS and LOADALL286.
     Also reorganised CMPXCHG instruction into early-486 and Pentium
     forms. Thanks to Thobias Jones for the information.

   * Fixed two more stupid bugs in ELF, which were causing `ld' to
     continue to seg-fault in a lot of non-trivial cases.

   * Fixed a seg-fault in the label manager.

   * Stopped FBLD and FBSTP from _requiring_ the TWORD keyword, which
     is the only option for BCD loads/stores in any case.

   * Ensured FLDCW, FSTCW and FSTSW can cope with the WORD keyword, if
     anyone bothers to provide it. Previously they complained unless no
     keyword at all was present.

   * Some forms of FDIV/FDIVR and FSUB/FSUBR were still inverted: a
     vestige of a bug that I thought had been fixed in 0.92. This was
     fixed, hopefully for good this time...

   * Another minor phase error (insofar as a phase error can _ever_ be
     minor) fixed, this one occurring in code of the form

       rol ax,forward_reference
       forward_reference equ 1

   * The number supplied to TIMES is now sanity-checked for positivity,
     and also may be greater than 64K (which previously didn't work on
     16-bit systems).

   * Added Watcom C makefiles, and misc/pmw.bat, donated by Dominik
     Behr.

   * Added the INCBIN pseudo-opcode.

   * Due to the advent of the preprocessor, the [INCLUDE] and [INC]
     directives have become obsolete. They are still supported in this
     version, with a warning, but won't be in the next.

   * Fixed a bug in OBJ format, which caused incorrect object records
     to be output when absolute labels were made global.

   * Updates to RDOFF subdirectory, and changes to outrdf.c.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.3.5,  Next: Section C.3.6,  Prev: Section C.3.4,  Up: Section C.3

C.3.5. Version 0.93 released January 1997
-----------------------------------------

This release went out in a great hurry after semi-crippling bugs were
found in 0.92.

   * Really _did_ fix the stack overflows this time. *blush*

   * Had problems with EA instruction sizes changing between passes,
     when an offset contained a forward reference and so 4 bytes were
     allocated for the offset in pass one; by pass two the symbol had
     been defined and happened to be a small absolute value, so only 1
     byte got allocated, causing instruction size mismatch between
     passes and hence incorrect address calculations. Fixed.

   * Stupid bug in the revised ELF section generation fixed (associated
     string- table section for .symtab was hard-coded as 7, even when
     this didn't fit with the real section table). Was causing `ld' to
     seg-fault under Linux.

   * Included a new Borland C makefile, Makefile.bc2, donated by Fox
     Cutter <lmb@comtch.iea.com>.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.3.6,  Next: Section C.3.7,  Prev: Section C.3.5,  Up: Section C.3

C.3.6. Version 0.92 released January 1997
-----------------------------------------

   * The FDIVP/FDIVRP and FSUBP/FSUBRP pairs had been inverted: this
     was fixed.  This also affected the LCC driver.

   * Fixed a bug regarding 32-bit effective addresses of the form
     `[other_register+ESP]'.

   * Documentary changes, notably documentation of the fact that
     Borland Win32 compilers use `obj' rather than `win32' object
     format.

   * Fixed the COMENT record in OBJ files, which was formatted
     incorrectly.

   * Fixed a bug causing segfaults in large RDF files.

   * OBJ format now strips initial periods from segment and group
     definitions, in order to avoid complications with the local label
     syntax.

   * Fixed a bug in disassembling far calls and jumps in NDISASM.

   * Added support for user-defined sections in COFF and ELF files.

   * Compiled the DOS binaries with a sensible amount of stack, to
     prevent stack overflows on any arithmetic expression containing
     parentheses.

   * Fixed a bug in handling of files that do not terminate in a
     newline.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.3.7,  Next: Section C.3.8,  Prev: Section C.3.6,  Up: Section C.3

C.3.7. Version 0.91 released November 1996
------------------------------------------

   * Loads of bug fixes.

   * Support for RDF added.

   * Support for DBG debugging format added.

   * Support for 32-bit extensions to Microsoft OBJ format added.

   * Revised for Borland C: some variable names changed, makefile added.

   * LCC support revised to actually work.

   * JMP/CALL NEAR/FAR notation added.

   * `a16', `o16', `a32' and `o32' prefixes added.

   * Range checking on short jumps implemented.

   * MMX instruction support added.

   * Negative floating point constant support added.

   * Memory handling improved to bypass 64K barrier under DOS.

   * `$' prefix to force treatment of reserved words as identifiers
     added.

   * Default-size mechanism for object formats added.

   * Compile-time configurability added.

   * `#', `@', `~' and c{?} are now valid characters in labels.

   * `-e' and `-k' options in NDISASM added.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.3.8,  Prev: Section C.3.7,  Up: Section C.3

C.3.8. Version 0.90 released October 1996
-----------------------------------------

First release version. First support for object file output. Other
changes from previous version (0.3x) too numerous to document.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Index,  Up: Top

Index
*****

* Menu:

* `!' operator, unary                      (1): Section 3.5.7.
* `!=' operator                            (1): Section 4.4.4.
* `$$' token                               (1): Section 3.5.
* `$$' token                               (2): Section 7.9.3.
* `$', Here token                          (1): Section 3.5.
* `$', prefix                              (1): Section 3.1.
* `$', prefix                              (2): Section 3.4.1.
* `$', prefix                              (3): Section 7.13.2.
* `%' operator                             (1): Section 3.5.6.
* `%!'                                     (1): Section 4.10.2.
* `%$' and `%$$' prefixes                  (1): Section 4.7.2.
* `%%' operator                            (1): Section 3.5.6.
* `%%' operator                            (2): Section 4.3.2.
* `%+'                                     (1): Section 4.1.4.
* `%?'                                     (1): Section 4.1.5.
* `%??'                                    (1): Section 4.1.5.
* `%['                                     (1): Section 4.1.3.
* `&' operator                             (1): Section 3.5.3.
* `&&' operator                            (1): Section 4.4.4.
* `*' operator                             (1): Section 3.5.6.
* `+' modifier                             (1): Section 4.3.3.
* `+' operator, binary                     (1): Section 3.5.5.
* `+' operator, unary                      (1): Section 3.5.7.
* `-' operator, binary                     (1): Section 3.5.5.
* `-' operator, unary                      (1): Section 3.5.7.
* `..@' symbol prefix                      (1): Section 3.9.
* `..@' symbol prefix                      (2): Section 4.3.2.
* `/' operator                             (1): Section 3.5.6.
* `//' operator                            (1): Section 3.5.6.
* `<' operator                             (1): Section 4.4.4.
* `<<' operator                            (1): Section 3.5.4.
* `<=' operator                            (1): Section 4.4.4.
* `<>' operator                            (1): Section 4.4.4.
* `=' operator                             (1): Section 4.4.4.
* `==' operator                            (1): Section 4.4.4.
* `>' operator                             (1): Section 4.4.4.
* `>=' operator                            (1): Section 4.4.4.
* `>>' operator                            (1): Section 3.5.4.
* `?' MASM syntax                          (1): Section 3.2.2.
* `^' operator                             (1): Section 3.5.2.
* `^^' operator                            (1): Section 4.4.4.
* `|' operator                             (1): Section 3.5.1.
* `||' operator                            (1): Section 4.4.4.
* `~' operator                             (1): Section 3.5.7.
* `%0' parameter count                     (1): Section 4.3.5.
* `%0' parameter count                     (2): Section 4.3.6.
* `%00'                                    (1): Section 4.3.7.
* `%+1' and `%-1' syntax                   (1): Section 4.3.10.
* 16-bit mode, versus 32-bit mode          (1): Section 6.1.
* 64-bit displacement                      (1): Section 11.2.
* 64-bit immediate                         (1): Section 11.2.
* `-a' option                              (1): Section 2.1.21.
* `-a' option                              (2): Section A.3.3.
* `A16'                                    (1): Section 3.1.
* `a16'                                    (1): Section 10.3.
* `A32'                                    (1): Section 3.1.
* `a32'                                    (1): Section 10.3.
* `A64'                                    (1): Section 3.1.
* `a64'                                    (1): Section 10.3.
* `a86'                                    (1): Section 1.1.1.
* `a86'                                    (2): Section 2.2.
* `a86'                                    (3): Section 2.2.2.
* `a86'                                    (4): Section 2.2.6.
* `ABS'                                    (1): Section 3.3.
* `ABSOLUTE'                               (1): Section 6.4.
* `ABSOLUTE'                               (2): Section 7.4.1.
* addition                                 (1): Section 3.5.5.
* addressing, mixed-size                   (1): Section 10.2.
* address-size prefixes                    (1): Section 3.1.
* algebra                                  (1): Section 3.3.
* `ALIGN'                                  (1): Section 4.12.12.
* `ALIGN'                                  (2): Section 5.2.
* `ALIGN'                                  (3): Section 7.1.2.
* `ALIGN'                                  (4): Section 7.4.1.
* `ALIGN', smart                           (1): Section 5.2.
* `ALIGNB'                                 (1): Section 4.12.12.
* alignment, in `bin' sections             (1): Section 7.1.2.
* alignment, in `elf' sections             (1): Section 7.9.2.
* alignment, in `obj' sections             (1): Section 7.4.1.
* alignment, in `win32' sections           (1): Section 7.5.1.
* alignment, of `elf' common variables     (1): Section 7.9.6.
* `ALIGNMODE'                              (1): Section 5.2.
* `__ALIGNMODE__'                          (1): Section 5.2.
* `ALINK'                                  (1): Section 8.1.1.
* `alink.sourceforge.net'                  (1): Section 8.1.1.
* `all'                                    (1): Section 2.1.24.
* `alloc'                                  (1): Section 7.9.2.
* alternate register names                 (1): Section 5.1.
* `alt.lang.asm'                           (1): Section 1.1.1.
* `altreg'                                 (1): Section 5.1.
* ambiguity                                (1): Section 2.2.3.
* `a.out', BSD version                     (1): Section 7.11.
* `a.out', Linux version                   (1): Section 7.10.
* `aout'                                   (1): Section 7.10.
* `aoutb'                                  (1): Section 7.11.
* `aoutb'                                  (2): Section 9.2.
* `%arg'                                   (1): Section 4.8.1.
* `arg'                                    (1): Section 8.4.5.
* `arg'                                    (2): Section 9.1.4.
* `as86'                                   (1): Section 1.1.1.
* `as86'                                   (2): Section 7.12.
* assembler directives                     (1): Chapter 6.
* assembly-time options                    (1): Section 2.1.18.
* `%assign'                                (1): Section 4.1.7.
* `ASSUME'                                 (1): Section 2.2.4.
* `AT'                                     (1): Section 4.12.11.
* Autoconf                                 (1): Section 1.3.2.
* `autoexec.bat'                           (1): Section 1.3.1.
* `auto-sync'                              (1): Section A.3.3.
* `-b'                                     (1): Section A.3.
* bin                                      (1): Section 2.1.2.
* bin                                      (2): Section 7.1.
* bin, multisection                        (1): Section 7.1.3.
* binary                                   (1): Section 3.4.1.
* binary files                             (1): Section 3.2.3.
* bit shift                                (1): Section 3.5.4.
* `BITS'                                   (1): Section 6.1.
* `BITS'                                   (2): Section 7.1.
* `__BITS__'                               (1): Section 4.12.5.
* bitwise AND                              (1): Section 3.5.3.
* bitwise OR                               (1): Section 3.5.1.
* bitwise XOR                              (1): Section 3.5.2.
* block IFs                                (1): Section 4.7.6.
* boot loader                              (1): Section 7.1.
* boot sector                              (1): Section 12.1.3.
* Borland, Pascal                          (1): Section 8.5.
* Borland, Win32 compilers                 (1): Section 7.4.
* braces, after `%' sign                   (1): Section 4.3.9.
* braces, around macro parameters          (1): Section 4.3.
* BSD                                      (1): Section 9.2.
* `.bss'                                   (1): Section 7.9.2.
* `.bss'                                   (2): Section 7.10.
* `.bss'                                   (3): Section 7.11.
* `.bss'                                   (4): Section 7.12.
* `.bss'                                   (5): Section 7.13.
* bugs                                     (1): Section 12.2.
* `bugtracker'                             (1): Section 12.2.
* `BYTE'                                   (1): Section 12.1.1.
* C calling convention                     (1): Section 8.4.3.
* C calling convention                     (2): Section 9.1.2.
* C symbol names                           (1): Section 8.4.1.
* `c16.mac'                                (1): Section 8.4.5.
* `c16.mac'                                (2): Section 8.5.3.
* `c32.mac'                                (1): Section 9.1.4.
* `CALL FAR'                               (1): Section 3.6.
* case sensitivity                         (1): Section 2.2.1.
* case sensitivity                         (2): Section 4.1.1.
* case sensitivity                         (3): Section 4.1.2.
* case sensitivity                         (4): Section 4.1.7.
* case sensitivity                         (5): Section 4.3.
* case sensitivity                         (6): Section 4.4.5.
* case sensitivity                         (7): Section 7.4.3.
* changing sections                        (1): Section 6.3.
* character constant                       (1): Section 3.2.1.
* character constant                       (2): Section 3.4.3.
* character strings                        (1): Section 3.4.2.
* circular references                      (1): Section 4.1.1.
* `CLASS'                                  (1): Section 7.4.1.
* `%clear'                                 (1): Section 4.12.
* `coff'                                   (1): Section 7.7.
* colon                                    (1): Section 3.1.
* `.COM'                                   (1): Section 7.1.
* `.COM'                                   (2): Section 8.2.
* comma                                    (1): Section 4.3.4.
* command-line                             (1): Section 2.1.
* command-line                             (2): Chapter 7.
* commas in macro parameters               (1): Section 4.3.3.
* `%comment'                               (1): Section 4.11.
* `.comment'                               (1): Section 7.9.2.
* `COMMON'                                 (1): Section 6.7.
* `COMMON'                                 (2): Section 7.4.1.
* `COMMON', `elf' extensions to            (1): Section 7.9.6.
* `COMMON', `obj' extensions to            (1): Section 7.4.8.
* Common Object File Format                (1): Section 7.7.
* common variables                         (1): Section 6.7.
* common variables, alignment in `elf'     (1): Section 7.9.6.
* common variables, element size           (1): Section 7.4.8.
* `comp.lang.asm.x86'                      (1): Section 1.1.1.
* `comp.lang.asm.x86'                      (2): Section 1.2.
* `comp.os.msdos.programmer'               (1): Section 8.3.
* concatenating macro parameters           (1): Section 4.3.9.
* concatenating strings                    (1): Section 4.2.1.
* condition codes as macro parameters      (1): Section 4.3.10.
* conditional assembly                     (1): Section 4.4.
* conditional jumps                        (1): Section 12.1.2.
* conditional-return macro                 (1): Section 4.3.10.
* `configure'                              (1): Section 1.3.2.
* constants                                (1): Section 3.4.
* context fall-through lookup              (1): Section 4.7.4.
* context stack                            (1): Section 4.7.
* context stack                            (2): Section 4.7.6.
* context-local labels                     (1): Section 4.7.2.
* context-local single-line macros         (1): Section 4.7.3.
* counting macro parameters                (1): Section 4.3.6.
* `CPU'                                    (1): Section 6.8.
* `CPUID'                                  (1): Section 3.4.3.
* creating contexts                        (1): Section 4.7.1.
* critical expression                      (1): Section 3.2.2.
* critical expression                      (2): Section 3.8.
* critical expression                      (3): Section 4.1.7.
* critical expression                      (4): Section 6.4.
* `-D' option                              (1): Section 2.1.18.
* `-d' option                              (1): Section 2.1.18.
* daily development snapshots              (1): Section 1.2.
* `.data'                                  (1): Section 7.9.2.
* `.data'                                  (2): Section 7.10.
* `.data'                                  (3): Section 7.11.
* `.data'                                  (4): Section 7.12.
* `.data'                                  (5): Section 7.13.
* `_DATA'                                  (1): Section 8.4.2.
* `data'                                   (1): Section 7.9.5.
* `data'                                   (2): Section 7.13.3.
* data structure                           (1): Section 8.4.4.
* data structure                           (2): Section 9.1.3.
* `__DATE__'                               (1): Section 4.12.7.
* `__DATE_NUM__'                           (1): Section 4.12.7.
* `DB'                                     (1): Section 3.2.
* `DB'                                     (2): Section 3.2.1.
* `DB'                                     (3): Section 3.4.4.
* `DB'                                     (4): Section 3.4.6.
* `dbg'                                    (1): Section 7.14.
* `DD'                                     (1): Section 3.2.
* `DD'                                     (2): Section 3.2.1.
* `DD'                                     (3): Section 3.4.4.
* `DD'                                     (4): Section 3.4.6.
* debug information                        (1): Section 2.1.12.
* debug information format                 (1): Section 2.1.11.
* decimal                                  (1): Section 3.4.1.
* declaring structures                     (1): Section 4.12.10.
* `DEFAULT'                                (1): Section 6.2.
* `default'                                (1): Section 7.9.5.
* default macro parameters                 (1): Section 4.3.5.
* default name                             (1): Chapter 7.
* default-`WRT' mechanism                  (1): Section 7.4.7.
* `%define'                                (1): Section 2.1.18.
* `%define'                                (2): Section 4.1.1.
* defining sections                        (1): Section 6.3.
* `%defstr'                                (1): Section 4.1.8.
* `%deftok'                                (1): Section 4.1.9.
* `%depend'                                (1): Section 4.6.3.
* design goals                             (1): Section 2.2.2.
* DevPac                                   (1): Section 3.2.3.
* DevPac                                   (2): Section 3.9.
* disabling listing expansion              (1): Section 4.3.11.
* division                                 (1): Section 3.5.6.
* DJGPP                                    (1): Section 7.7.
* DJGPP                                    (2): Chapter 9.
* `djlink'                                 (1): Section 8.1.1.
* DLL symbols, exporting                   (1): Section 7.4.5.
* DLL symbols, importing                   (1): Section 7.4.4.
* `DO'                                     (1): Section 3.2.
* `DO'                                     (2): Section 3.2.1.
* `DO'                                     (3): Section 3.4.4.
* `DO'                                     (4): Section 3.4.6.
* DOS                                      (1): Section 1.3.1.
* DOS                                      (2): Section 2.1.14.
* DOS                                      (3): Section 2.1.15.
* DOS source archive                       (1): Section 1.3.1.
* `DQ'                                     (1): Section 3.2.
* `DQ'                                     (2): Section 3.2.1.
* `DQ'                                     (3): Section 3.4.4.
* `DQ'                                     (4): Section 3.4.6.
* `.drectve'                               (1): Section 7.5.1.
* `DT'                                     (1): Section 3.2.
* `DT'                                     (2): Section 3.2.1.
* `DT'                                     (3): Section 3.4.4.
* `DT'                                     (4): Section 3.4.6.
* `DUP'                                    (1): Section 2.2.7.
* `DUP'                                    (2): Section 3.2.5.
* `DW'                                     (1): Section 3.2.
* `DW'                                     (2): Section 3.2.1.
* `DW'                                     (3): Section 3.4.4.
* `DW'                                     (4): Section 3.4.6.
* `DWORD'                                  (1): Section 3.1.
* `DY'                                     (1): Section 3.2.
* `DY'                                     (2): Section 3.2.1.
* `DY'                                     (3): Section 3.4.4.
* `-E' option                              (1): Section 2.1.20.
* `-e' option                              (1): Section 2.1.20.
* `-e' option                              (2): Section A.3.4.
* effective addresses                      (1): Section 3.1.
* effective addresses                      (2): Section 3.3.
* element size, in common variables        (1): Section 7.4.8.
* ELF                                      (1): Section 7.9.
* ELF, shared libraries                    (1): Section 7.9.3.
* ELF, 16-bit code and                     (1): Section 7.9.7.
* elf, debug formats and                   (1): Section 7.9.8.
* `elf32'                                  (1): Section 7.9.
* `elf64'                                  (1): Section 7.9.
* `elfx32'                                 (1): Section 7.9.
* `%elif'                                  (1): Section 4.4.
* `%elif'                                  (2): Section 4.4.4.
* `%elifctx'                               (1): Section 4.4.3.
* `%elifdef'                               (1): Section 4.4.1.
* `%elifempty'                             (1): Section 4.4.8.
* `%elifenv'                               (1): Section 4.4.9.
* `%elifid'                                (1): Section 4.4.6.
* `%elifidn'                               (1): Section 4.4.5.
* `%elifidni'                              (1): Section 4.4.5.
* `%elifmacro'                             (1): Section 4.4.2.
* `%elifn'                                 (1): Section 4.4.
* `%elifn'                                 (2): Section 4.4.4.
* `%elifnctx'                              (1): Section 4.4.3.
* `%elifndef'                              (1): Section 4.4.1.
* `%elifnempty'                            (1): Section 4.4.8.
* `%elifnenv'                              (1): Section 4.4.9.
* `%elifnid'                               (1): Section 4.4.6.
* `%elifnidn'                              (1): Section 4.4.5.
* `%elifnidni'                             (1): Section 4.4.5.
* `%elifnmacro'                            (1): Section 4.4.2.
* `%elifnnum'                              (1): Section 4.4.6.
* `%elifnstr'                              (1): Section 4.4.6.
* `%elifntoken'                            (1): Section 4.4.7.
* `%elifnum'                               (1): Section 4.4.6.
* `%elifstr'                               (1): Section 4.4.6.
* `%eliftoken'                             (1): Section 4.4.7.
* `%else'                                  (1): Section 4.4.
* `endproc'                                (1): Section 8.4.5.
* `endproc'                                (2): Section 9.1.4.
* `%endrep'                                (1): Section 4.5.
* `ENDSTRUC'                               (1): Section 4.12.10.
* `ENDSTRUC'                               (2): Section 6.4.
* environment                              (1): Section 2.1.28.
* `EQU'                                    (1): Section 3.2.
* `EQU'                                    (2): Section 3.2.4.
* `%error'                                 (1): Section 4.9.
* `error'                                  (1): Section 2.1.24.
* error messages                           (1): Section 2.1.14.
* error messages                           (2): Section 2.1.15.
* error reporting format                   (1): Section 2.1.13.
* escape sequences                         (1): Section 3.4.2.
* `EVEN'                                   (1): Section 4.12.12.
* exact matches                            (1): Section 4.3.12.
* `.EXE'                                   (1): Section 7.4.
* `.EXE'                                   (2): Section 8.1.
* `EXE2BIN'                                (1): Section 8.2.2.
* `EXE_begin'                              (1): Section 8.1.2.
* `exebin.mac'                             (1): Section 8.1.2.
* `exec'                                   (1): Section 7.9.2.
* Executable and Linkable Format           (1): Section 7.9.
* `EXE_end'                                (1): Section 8.1.2.
* `EXE_stack'                              (1): Section 8.1.2.
* `%exitrep'                               (1): Section 4.5.
* `EXPORT'                                 (1): Section 7.4.5.
* `export'                                 (1): Section 7.13.3.
* exporting symbols                        (1): Section 6.6.
* expressions                              (1): Section 2.1.20.
* expressions                              (2): Section 3.5.
* extension                                (1): Section 2.1.1.
* extension                                (2): Chapter 7.
* `EXTERN'                                 (1): Section 6.5.
* `EXTERN', `obj' extensions to            (1): Section 7.4.7.
* `EXTERN', `rdf' extensions to            (1): Section 7.13.4.
* extracting substrings                    (1): Section 4.2.3.
* `-F' option                              (1): Section 2.1.11.
* `-f' option                              (1): Section 2.1.2.
* `-f' option                              (2): Chapter 7.
* far call                                 (1): Section 2.2.5.
* far common variables                     (1): Section 7.4.8.
* far pointer                              (1): Section 3.6.
* `FARCODE'                                (1): Section 8.4.5.
* `FARCODE'                                (2): Section 8.5.3.
* `%fatal'                                 (1): Section 4.9.
* `__FILE__'                               (1): Section 4.12.4.
* `FLAT'                                   (1): Section 7.4.1.
* flat memory model                        (1): Chapter 9.
* flat-form binary                         (1): Section 7.1.
* `FLOAT'                                  (1): Section 6.9.
* `__FLOAT__'                              (1): Section 6.9.
* `__float128h__'                          (1): Section 3.4.6.
* `__float128l__'                          (1): Section 3.4.6.
* `__float16__'                            (1): Section 3.4.6.
* `__float32__'                            (1): Section 3.4.6.
* `__float64__'                            (1): Section 3.4.6.
* `__float8__'                             (1): Section 3.4.6.
* `__float80e__'                           (1): Section 3.4.6.
* `__float80m__'                           (1): Section 3.4.6.
* `__FLOAT_DAZ__'                          (1): Section 6.9.
* `float-denorm'                           (1): Section 2.1.24.
* floating-point, constants                (1): Section 3.4.6.
* floating-point, constants                (2): Section 6.9.
* floating-point, packed BCD constants     (1): Section 3.4.7.
* floating-point                           (1): Section 2.2.6.
* floating-point                           (2): Section 3.1.
* floating-point                           (3): Section 3.2.1.
* floating-point                           (4): Section 3.4.6.
* `float-overflow'                         (1): Section 2.1.24.
* `__FLOAT_ROUND__'                        (1): Section 6.9.
* `float-toolong'                          (1): Section 2.1.24.
* `float-underflow'                        (1): Section 2.1.24.
* `follows='                               (1): Section 7.1.3.
* format-specific directives               (1): Chapter 6.
* `fp'                                     (1): Section 5.3.
* frame pointer                            (1): Section 8.4.3.
* frame pointer                            (2): Section 8.5.1.
* frame pointer                            (3): Section 9.1.2.
* FreeBSD                                  (1): Section 7.11.
* FreeBSD                                  (2): Section 9.2.
* FreeLink                                 (1): Section 8.1.1.
* `ftp.simtel.net'                         (1): Section 8.1.1.
* `function'                               (1): Section 7.9.5.
* `function'                               (2): Section 7.13.3.
* functions, C calling convention          (1): Section 8.4.3.
* functions, C calling convention          (2): Section 9.1.2.
* functions, Pascal calling convention     (1): Section 8.5.1.
* `-g' option                              (1): Section 2.1.12.
* `gas'                                    (1): Section 1.1.1.
* `gcc'                                    (1): Section 1.1.1.
* `GLOBAL'                                 (1): Section 6.6.
* `GLOBAL', `aoutb' extensions to          (1): Section 7.9.5.
* `GLOBAL', `elf' extensions to            (1): Section 7.9.5.
* `GLOBAL', `rdf' extensions to            (1): Section 7.13.3.
* global offset table                      (1): Section 9.2.
* `_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_'                  (1): Section 7.9.3.
* `gnu-elf-extensions'                     (1): Section 2.1.24.
* `..got'                                  (1): Section 7.9.3.
* `GOT' relocations                        (1): Section 9.2.3.
* GOT                                      (1): Section 7.9.3.
* GOT                                      (2): Section 9.2.
* `..gotoff'                               (1): Section 7.9.3.
* `GOTOFF' relocations                     (1): Section 9.2.2.
* `..gotpc'                                (1): Section 7.9.3.
* `GOTPC' relocations                      (1): Section 9.2.1.
* `..gottpoff'                             (1): Section 7.9.4.
* graphics                                 (1): Section 3.2.3.
* greedy macro parameters                  (1): Section 4.3.3.
* `GROUP'                                  (1): Section 7.4.2.
* groups                                   (1): Section 3.6.
* `-h'                                     (1): Section A.3.
* hexadecimal                              (1): Section 3.4.1.
* `hidden'                                 (1): Section 7.9.5.
* `hle'                                    (1): Section 2.1.24.
* hybrid syntaxes                          (1): Section 2.2.2.
* `-I' option                              (1): Section 2.1.16.
* `-i' option                              (1): Section 2.1.16.
* `-i' option                              (2): Section A.3.3.
* `%iassign'                               (1): Section 4.1.7.
* `%idefine'                               (1): Section 4.1.1.
* `%idefstr'                               (1): Section 4.1.8.
* `%ideftok'                               (1): Section 4.1.9.
* `IEND'                                   (1): Section 4.12.11.
* `%if'                                    (1): Section 4.4.
* `%if'                                    (2): Section 4.4.4.
* `%ifctx'                                 (1): Section 4.4.3.
* `%ifctx'                                 (2): Section 4.7.6.
* `%ifdef'                                 (1): Section 4.4.1.
* `%ifempty'                               (1): Section 4.4.8.
* `%ifenv'                                 (1): Section 4.4.9.
* `%ifid'                                  (1): Section 4.4.6.
* `%ifidn'                                 (1): Section 4.4.5.
* `%ifidni'                                (1): Section 4.4.5.
* `%ifmacro'                               (1): Section 4.4.2.
* `%ifn'                                   (1): Section 4.4.
* `%ifn'                                   (2): Section 4.4.4.
* `%ifnctx'                                (1): Section 4.4.3.
* `%ifndef'                                (1): Section 4.4.1.
* `%ifnempty'                              (1): Section 4.4.8.
* `%ifnenv'                                (1): Section 4.4.9.
* `%ifnid'                                 (1): Section 4.4.6.
* `%ifnidn'                                (1): Section 4.4.5.
* `%ifnidni'                               (1): Section 4.4.5.
* `%ifnmacro'                              (1): Section 4.4.2.
* `%ifnnum'                                (1): Section 4.4.6.
* `%ifnstr'                                (1): Section 4.4.6.
* `%ifntoken'                              (1): Section 4.4.7.
* `%ifnum'                                 (1): Section 4.4.6.
* `%ifstr'                                 (1): Section 4.4.6.
* `%iftoken'                               (1): Section 4.4.7.
* `ifunc'                                  (1): Section 5.4.
* `ilog2()'                                (1): Section 5.4.1.
* `ilog2c()'                               (1): Section 5.4.1.
* `ilog2e()'                               (1): Section 5.4.1.
* `ilog2f()'                               (1): Section 5.4.1.
* `ilog2w()'                               (1): Section 5.4.1.
* `%imacro'                                (1): Section 4.3.
* `IMPORT'                                 (1): Section 7.4.4.
* import library                           (1): Section 7.4.4.
* importing symbols                        (1): Section 6.5.
* `INCBIN'                                 (1): Section 3.2.
* `INCBIN'                                 (2): Section 3.2.3.
* `INCBIN'                                 (3): Section 3.4.4.
* `%include'                               (1): Section 2.1.16.
* `%include'                               (2): Section 2.1.17.
* `%include'                               (3): Section 4.6.1.
* include search path                      (1): Section 2.1.16.
* including other files                    (1): Section 4.6.1.
* inefficient code                         (1): Section 12.1.1.
* infinite loop                            (1): Section 3.5.
* `__Infinity__'                           (1): Section 3.4.6.
* infinity                                 (1): Section 3.4.6.
* informational section                    (1): Section 7.5.1.
* `INSTALL'                                (1): Section 1.3.2.
* installing                               (1): Section 1.3.1.
* instances of structures                  (1): Section 4.12.11.
* instruction list                         (1): Appendix B.
* integer functions                        (1): Section 3.5.7.
* integer functions                        (2): Section 5.4.
* integer logarithms                       (1): Section 5.4.1.
* intel hex                                (1): Section 7.2.
* Intel number formats                     (1): Section 3.4.6.
* `internal'                               (1): Section 7.9.5.
* `ISTRUC'                                 (1): Section 4.12.11.
* iterating over macro parameters          (1): Section 4.3.8.
* `ith'                                    (1): Section 7.2.
* `%ixdefine'                              (1): Section 4.1.2.
* `Jcc NEAR'                               (1): Section 12.1.2.
* `JMP DWORD'                              (1): Section 10.1.
* jumps, mixed-size                        (1): Section 10.1.
* `-k'                                     (1): Section A.3.4.
* `-l' option                              (1): Section 2.1.3.
* label preceeding macro                   (1): Section 4.3.7.
* label prefix                             (1): Section 3.9.
* last                                     (1): Section 4.3.4.
* `.lbss'                                  (1): Section 7.9.2.
* `ld86'                                   (1): Section 7.12.
* `.ldata'                                 (1): Section 7.9.2.
* `LIBRARY'                                (1): Section 7.13.1.
* license                                  (1): Section 1.1.2.
* `%line'                                  (1): Section 4.10.1.
* `__LINE__'                               (1): Section 4.12.4.
* linker, free                             (1): Section 8.1.1.
* Linux, `a.out'                           (1): Section 7.10.
* Linux, `as86'                            (1): Section 7.12.
* Linux, ELF                               (1): Section 7.9.
* listing file                             (1): Section 2.1.3.
* little-endian                            (1): Section 3.4.3.
* `%local'                                 (1): Section 4.8.3.
* local labels                             (1): Section 3.9.
* `lock'                                   (1): Section 2.1.24.
* logical AND                              (1): Section 4.4.4.
* logical negation                         (1): Section 3.5.7.
* logical OR                               (1): Section 4.4.4.
* logical XOR                              (1): Section 4.4.4.
* `.lrodata'                               (1): Section 7.9.2.
* `-M' option                              (1): Section 2.1.4.
* Mach, object file format                 (1): Section 7.8.
* Mach-O                                   (1): Section 7.8.
* `macho'                                  (1): Section 7.8.
* `macho32'                                (1): Section 7.8.
* `macho64'                                (1): Section 7.8.
* MacOS X                                  (1): Section 7.8.
* `%macro'                                 (1): Section 4.3.
* macro indirection                        (1): Section 4.1.3.
* macro library                            (1): Section 2.1.16.
* macro parameters range                   (1): Section 4.3.4.
* macro processor                          (1): Chapter 4.
* `macro-defaults'                         (1): Section 2.1.24.
* macro-local labels                       (1): Section 4.3.2.
* `macro-params'                           (1): Section 2.1.24.
* macros                                   (1): Section 3.2.5.
* `macro-selfref'                          (1): Section 2.1.24.
* `make'                                   (1): Section 1.3.2.
* makefile dependencies                    (1): Section 2.1.4.
* makefile dependencies                    (2): Section 2.1.5.
* makefiles                                (1): Section 1.3.1.
* makefiles                                (2): Section 1.3.2.
* man pages                                (1): Section 1.3.2.
* map files                                (1): Section 7.1.4.
* `MASM'                                   (1): Section 1.1.1.
* MASM                                     (1): Section 2.2.
* MASM                                     (2): Section 3.2.5.
* MASM                                     (3): Section 7.4.
* `-MD' option                             (1): Section 2.1.7.
* memory models                            (1): Section 2.2.5.
* memory models                            (2): Section 8.4.2.
* memory operand                           (1): Section 3.1.
* memory references                        (1): Section 2.2.2.
* memory references                        (2): Section 3.3.
* `-MF' option                             (1): Section 2.1.6.
* `-MG' option                             (1): Section 2.1.5.
* Microsoft OMF                            (1): Section 7.4.
* minifloat                                (1): Section 3.4.6.
* Minix                                    (1): Section 7.12.
* `misc' subdirectory                      (1): Section 8.1.2.
* `misc' subdirectory                      (2): Section 8.4.5.
* `misc' subdirectory                      (3): Section 9.1.4.
* mixed-language program                   (1): Section 8.4.
* mixed-size addressing                    (1): Section 10.2.
* mixed-size instruction                   (1): Section 10.1.
* `MODULE'                                 (1): Section 7.13.2.
* modulo operators                         (1): Section 3.5.6.
* motorola s-records                       (1): Section 7.3.
* `-MP' option                             (1): Section 2.1.10.
* `-MQ' option                             (1): Section 2.1.9.
* MS-DOS                                   (1): Section 7.1.
* MS-DOS device drivers                    (1): Section 8.3.
* `-MT' option                             (1): Section 2.1.8.
* multi-line macros                        (1): Section 2.1.24.
* multi-line macros                        (2): Section 4.3.
* multipass optimization                   (1): Section 2.1.22.
* multiple section names                   (1): Section 7.1.
* multiplication                           (1): Section 3.5.6.
* `multipush' macro                        (1): Section 4.3.8.
* multisection                             (1): Section 7.1.3.
* `__NaN__'                                (1): Section 3.4.6.
* NaN                                      (1): Section 3.4.6.
* NASM version                             (1): Section 4.12.1.
* nasm version history                     (1): Appendix C.
* nasm version id                          (1): Section 4.12.2.
* nasm version string                      (1): Section 4.12.3.
* `nasm.1'                                 (1): Section 1.3.2.
* `__NASMDEFSEG'                           (1): Section 7.4.
* `nasm-devel'                             (1): Section 1.2.
* `NASMENV'                                (1): Section 2.1.28.
* `nasm.exe'                               (1): Section 1.3.1.
* `nasm -hf'                               (1): Section 2.1.2.
* `__NASM_MAJOR__'                         (1): Section 4.12.1.
* `__NASM_MINOR__'                         (1): Section 4.12.1.
* `nasm.out'                               (1): Section 2.1.1.
* `___NASM_PATCHLEVEL__'                   (1): Section 4.12.1.
* `__NASM_SNAPSHOT__'                      (1): Section 4.12.1.
* `__NASM_SUBMINOR__'                      (1): Section 4.12.1.
* `__NASM_VER__'                           (1): Section 4.12.3.
* `__NASM_VERSION_ID__'                    (1): Section 4.12.2.
* `nasm-XXX-dos.zip'                       (1): Section 1.3.1.
* `nasm-XXX.tar.gz'                        (1): Section 1.3.2.
* `nasm-XXX-win32.zip'                     (1): Section 1.3.1.
* `nasm-XXX.zip'                           (1): Section 1.3.1.
* ndisasm                                  (1): Appendix A.
* `ndisasm.1'                              (1): Section 1.3.2.
* `ndisasm.exe'                            (1): Section 1.3.1.
* near call                                (1): Section 2.2.5.
* near common variables                    (1): Section 7.4.8.
* NetBSD                                   (1): Section 7.11.
* NetBSD                                   (2): Section 9.2.
* new releases                             (1): Section 1.2.
* `noalloc'                                (1): Section 7.9.2.
* `nobits'                                 (1): Section 7.1.3.
* `nobits'                                 (2): Section 7.9.2.
* `noexec'                                 (1): Section 7.9.2.
* `.nolist'                                (1): Section 4.3.11.
* `nowait'                                 (1): Section 2.2.6.
* `nowrite'                                (1): Section 7.9.2.
* `number-overflow'                        (1): Section 2.1.24.
* numeric constants                        (1): Section 3.2.1.
* numeric constants                        (2): Section 3.4.1.
* `-O' option                              (1): Section 2.1.22.
* `-o' option                              (1): Section 2.1.1.
* `-o' option                              (2): Section A.3.1.
* `O16'                                    (1): Section 3.1.
* `o16'                                    (1): Section 10.3.
* `O32'                                    (1): Section 3.1.
* `o32'                                    (1): Section 10.3.
* `O64'                                    (1): Section 3.1.
* `.OBJ'                                   (1): Section 8.1.
* `obj'                                    (1): Section 7.4.
* `object'                                 (1): Section 7.9.5.
* `object'                                 (2): Section 7.13.3.
* octal                                    (1): Section 3.4.1.
* `OF_DBG'                                 (1): Section 7.14.
* `OF_DEFAULT'                             (1): Section 2.1.2.
* `OFFSET'                                 (1): Section 2.2.2.
* OMF                                      (1): Section 7.4.
* omitted parameters                       (1): Section 4.3.5.
* one's complement                         (1): Section 3.5.7.
* OpenBSD                                  (1): Section 7.11.
* OpenBSD                                  (2): Section 9.2.
* operands                                 (1): Section 3.1.
* operand-size prefixes                    (1): Section 3.1.
* operating system                         (1): Section 7.1.
* operating system, writing                (1): Section 10.1.
* operators                                (1): Section 3.5.
* `ORG'                                    (1): Section 7.1.1.
* `ORG'                                    (2): Section 8.2.1.
* `ORG'                                    (3): Section 8.2.2.
* `ORG'                                    (4): Section 12.1.3.
* `orphan-labels'                          (1): Section 2.1.24.
* `orphan-labels'                          (2): Section 3.1.
* OS/2                                     (1): Section 7.4.
* OS/2                                     (2): Section 7.4.1.
* `osabi'                                  (1): Section 7.9.1.
* other preprocessor directives            (1): Section 4.10.
* out of range, jumps                      (1): Section 12.1.2.
* output file format                       (1): Section 2.1.2.
* output formats                           (1): Chapter 7.
* `__OUTPUT_FORMAT__'                      (1): Section 4.12.6.
* overlapping segments                     (1): Section 3.6.
* `OVERLAY'                                (1): Section 7.4.1.
* overloading, multi-line macros           (1): Section 4.3.1.
* overloading, single-line macros          (1): Section 4.1.1.
* `-P' option                              (1): Section 2.1.17.
* `-p' option                              (1): Section 2.1.17.
* `-p' option                              (2): Section 4.6.1.
* paradox                                  (1): Section 3.8.
* `PASCAL'                                 (1): Section 8.5.3.
* Pascal calling convention                (1): Section 8.5.1.
* `__PASS__'                               (1): Section 4.12.9.
* `PATH'                                   (1): Section 1.3.1.
* `%pathsearch'                            (1): Section 2.1.16.
* `%pathsearch'                            (2): Section 4.6.2.
* period                                   (1): Section 3.9.
* Perl                                     (1): Section 1.3.1.
* perverse                                 (1): Section 2.1.16.
* PharLap                                  (1): Section 7.4.1.
* PIC                                      (1): Section 7.9.3.
* PIC                                      (2): Section 7.11.
* PIC                                      (3): Section 9.2.
* `..plt'                                  (1): Section 7.9.3.
* `PLT' relocations                        (1): Section 7.9.3.
* `PLT' relocations                        (2): Section 9.2.4.
* `PLT' relocations                        (3): Section 9.2.5.
* plt relocations                          (1): Section 9.2.5.
* `%pop'                                   (1): Section 4.7.
* `%pop'                                   (2): Section 4.7.1.
* position-independent code                (1): Section 7.9.3.
* position-independent code                (2): Section 7.11.
* position-independent code                (3): Section 9.2.
* `--postfix'                              (1): Section 2.1.27.
* precedence                               (1): Section 3.5.
* pre-defining macros                      (1): Section 2.1.18.
* pre-defining macros                      (2): Section 4.1.1.
* preferred                                (1): Section 3.6.
* `--prefix'                               (1): Section 2.1.27.
* pre-including files                      (1): Section 2.1.17.
* preprocess-only mode                     (1): Section 2.1.20.
* preprocessor                             (1): Section 2.1.20.
* preprocessor                             (2): Section 2.1.21.
* preprocessor                             (3): Section 3.2.4.
* preprocessor                             (4): Section 3.5.6.
* preprocessor                             (5): Chapter 4.
* preprocessor expressions                 (1): Section 2.1.20.
* preprocessor loops                       (1): Section 4.5.
* preprocessor variables                   (1): Section 4.1.7.
* primitive directives                     (1): Chapter 6.
* `PRIVATE'                                (1): Section 7.4.1.
* `proc'                                   (1): Section 7.13.3.
* `proc'                                   (2): Section 8.4.5.
* `proc'                                   (3): Section 9.1.4.
* procedure linkage table                  (1): Section 7.9.3.
* procedure linkage table                  (2): Section 9.2.4.
* procedure linkage table                  (3): Section 9.2.5.
* processor mode                           (1): Section 6.1.
* `progbits'                               (1): Section 7.1.3.
* `progbits'                               (2): Section 7.9.2.
* program entry point                      (1): Section 7.4.6.
* program entry point                      (2): Section 8.1.1.
* program origin                           (1): Section 7.1.1.
* `protected'                              (1): Section 7.9.5.
* pseudo-instructions                      (1): Section 3.2.
* `PUBLIC'                                 (1): Section 6.6.
* `PUBLIC'                                 (2): Section 7.4.1.
* pure binary                              (1): Section 7.1.
* `%push'                                  (1): Section 4.7.
* `%push'                                  (2): Section 4.7.1.
* `__QNaN__'                               (1): Section 3.4.6.
* quick start                              (1): Section 2.2.
* `QWORD'                                  (1): Section 3.1.
* `-r'                                     (1): Section A.3.
* `rdf'                                    (1): Section 7.13.
* `rdoff' subdirectory                     (1): Section 1.3.2.
* `rdoff' subdirectory                     (2): Section 7.13.
* redirecting errors                       (1): Section 2.1.14.
* `REL'                                    (1): Section 3.3.
* `REL'                                    (2): Section 6.2.
* relational operators                     (1): Section 4.4.4.
* release candidates                       (1): Section 1.2.
* Relocatable Dynamic Object File Format   (1): Section 7.13.
* relocations, PIC-specific                (1): Section 7.9.3.
* removing contexts                        (1): Section 4.7.1.
* renaming contexts                        (1): Section 4.7.5.
* `%rep'                                   (1): Section 3.2.5.
* `%rep'                                   (2): Section 4.5.
* repeating                                (1): Section 3.2.5.
* repeating                                (2): Section 4.5.
* `%repl'                                  (1): Section 4.7.5.
* reporting bugs                           (1): Section 12.2.
* `RESB'                                   (1): Section 2.2.7.
* `RESB'                                   (2): Section 3.2.
* `RESB'                                   (3): Section 3.2.2.
* `RESD'                                   (1): Section 3.2.
* `RESD'                                   (2): Section 3.2.2.
* `RESO'                                   (1): Section 3.2.
* `RESO'                                   (2): Section 3.2.2.
* `RESQ'                                   (1): Section 3.2.
* `RESQ'                                   (2): Section 3.2.2.
* `REST'                                   (1): Section 3.2.
* `REST'                                   (2): Section 3.2.2.
* `RESW'                                   (1): Section 3.2.
* `RESW'                                   (2): Section 3.2.2.
* `RESY'                                   (1): Section 3.2.
* `RESY'                                   (2): Section 3.2.2.
* `.rodata'                                (1): Section 7.9.2.
* `%rotate'                                (1): Section 4.3.8.
* rotating macro parameters                (1): Section 4.3.8.
* `-s' option                              (1): Section 2.1.15.
* `-s' option                              (2): Section A.3.2.
* searching for include files              (1): Section 4.6.1.
* `__SECT__'                               (1): Section 6.3.1.
* `__SECT__'                               (2): Section 6.4.
* `SECTALIGN'                              (1): Section 4.12.13.
* `SECTION'                                (1): Section 6.3.
* `SECTION', `elf' extensions to           (1): Section 7.9.2.
* `SECTION', `win32' extensions to         (1): Section 7.5.1.
* section alignment, in `bin'              (1): Section 7.1.2.
* section alignment, in `elf'              (1): Section 7.9.2.
* section alignment, in `obj'              (1): Section 7.4.1.
* section alignment, in `win32'            (1): Section 7.5.1.
* section, bin extensions to               (1): Section 7.1.2.
* `SEG'                                    (1): Section 3.5.7.
* `SEG'                                    (2): Section 3.6.
* `SEG'                                    (3): Section 7.4.
* `SEGMENT'                                (1): Section 6.3.
* `SEGMENT', `elf' extensions to           (1): Section 7.4.1.
* segment address                          (1): Section 3.5.7.
* segment address                          (2): Section 3.6.
* segment alignment, in `bin'              (1): Section 7.1.2.
* segment alignment, in `obj'              (1): Section 7.4.1.
* segment names, Borland Pascal            (1): Section 8.5.2.
* segment override                         (1): Section 2.2.4.
* segment override                         (2): Section 3.1.
* segments                                 (1): Section 3.6.
* segments, groups of                      (1): Section 7.4.2.
* separator character                      (1): Section 2.1.28.
* shared libraries                         (1): Section 7.11.
* shared libraries                         (2): Section 9.2.
* shared library                           (1): Section 7.9.5.
* `shift' command                          (1): Section 4.3.8.
* signed division                          (1): Section 3.5.6.
* signed modulo                            (1): Section 3.5.6.
* single-line macros                       (1): Section 4.1.
* size, of symbols                         (1): Section 7.9.5.
* `smartalign'                             (1): Section 5.2.
* `__SNaN__'                               (1): Section 3.4.6.
* snapshots, daily development             (1): Section 1.2.
* Solaris x86                              (1): Section 7.9.
* `-soname'                                (1): Section 9.2.6.
* sound                                    (1): Section 3.2.3.
* source code                              (1): Section 1.3.1.
* source-listing file                      (1): Section 2.1.3.
* square brackets                          (1): Section 2.2.2.
* square brackets                          (2): Section 3.3.
* `srec'                                   (1): Section 7.3.
* `STACK'                                  (1): Section 7.4.1.
* stack relative preprocessor directives   (1): Section 4.8.
* `%stacksize'                             (1): Section 4.8.2.
* standard macro packages                  (1): Chapter 5.
* standard macros                          (1): Section 4.12.
* standardized section names               (1): Section 6.3.
* standardized section names               (2): Section 7.5.1.
* standardized section names               (3): Section 7.9.2.
* standardized section names               (4): Section 7.10.
* standardized section names               (5): Section 7.11.
* standardized section names               (6): Section 7.12.
* standardized section names               (7): Section 7.13.
* `..start'                                (1): Section 7.4.6.
* `..start'                                (2): Section 8.1.1.
* `start='                                 (1): Section 7.1.3.
* `stderr'                                 (1): Section 2.1.14.
* `stdout'                                 (1): Section 2.1.15.
* `%strcat'                                (1): Section 4.2.1.
* `STRICT'                                 (1): Section 3.7.
* string constant                          (1): Section 3.2.1.
* string constants                         (1): Section 3.4.4.
* string length                            (1): Section 4.2.2.
* string manipulation in macros            (1): Section 4.2.
* strings                                  (1): Section 3.4.2.
* `%strlen'                                (1): Section 4.2.2.
* `STRUC'                                  (1): Section 4.12.10.
* `STRUC'                                  (2): Section 6.4.
* `STRUC'                                  (3): Section 8.4.4.
* `STRUC'                                  (4): Section 9.1.3.
* stub preprocessor                        (1): Section 2.1.21.
* `%substr'                                (1): Section 4.2.3.
* subtraction                              (1): Section 3.5.5.
* suppressible warning                     (1): Section 2.1.24.
* suppressing preprocessing                (1): Section 2.1.21.
* switching between sections               (1): Section 6.3.
* `..sym'                                  (1): Section 7.9.3.
* symbol sizes, specifying                 (1): Section 7.9.5.
* symbol types, specifying                 (1): Section 7.9.5.
* symbols, exporting from DLLs             (1): Section 7.4.5.
* symbols, importing from DLLs             (1): Section 7.4.4.
* `synchronisation'                        (1): Section A.3.2.
* `.SYS'                                   (1): Section 7.1.
* `.SYS'                                   (2): Section 8.3.
* `-t'                                     (1): Section 2.1.23.
* `TASM'                                   (1): Section 1.1.1.
* `TASM'                                   (2): Section 2.1.23.
* tasm                                     (1): Section 2.2.
* tasm                                     (2): Section 7.4.
* `.tbss'                                  (1): Section 7.9.2.
* `TBYTE'                                  (1): Section 2.2.7.
* `.tdata'                                 (1): Section 7.9.2.
* `test' subdirectory                      (1): Section 8.1.1.
* testing, arbitrary numeric expressions   (1): Section 4.4.4.
* testing, context stack                   (1): Section 4.4.3.
* testing, exact text identity             (1): Section 4.4.5.
* testing, multi-line macro existence      (1): Section 4.4.2.
* testing, single-line macro existence     (1): Section 4.4.1.
* testing, token types                     (1): Section 4.4.6.
* `.text'                                  (1): Section 7.9.2.
* `.text'                                  (2): Section 7.10.
* `.text'                                  (3): Section 7.11.
* `.text'                                  (4): Section 7.12.
* `.text'                                  (5): Section 7.13.
* `_TEXT'                                  (1): Section 8.4.2.
* thread local storage                     (1): Section 7.9.4.
* `__TIME__'                               (1): Section 4.12.7.
* `__TIME_NUM__'                           (1): Section 4.12.7.
* `TIMES'                                  (1): Section 3.2.
* `TIMES'                                  (2): Section 3.2.5.
* `TIMES'                                  (3): Section 3.8.
* `TIMES'                                  (4): Section 12.1.3.
* `TIMES'                                  (5): Section 12.1.4.
* `TLINK'                                  (1): Section 8.2.2.
* `tls'                                    (1): Section 7.9.2.
* `tls'                                    (2): Section 7.9.4.
* `..tlsie'                                (1): Section 7.9.4.
* trailing colon                           (1): Section 3.1.
* `TWORD'                                  (1): Section 2.2.7.
* `TWORD'                                  (2): Section 3.1.
* type, of symbols                         (1): Section 7.9.5.
* `-U' option                              (1): Section 2.1.19.
* `-u' option                              (1): Section 2.1.19.
* `-u' option                              (2): Section A.3.
* unary operators                          (1): Section 3.5.7.
* `%undef'                                 (1): Section 2.1.19.
* `%undef'                                 (2): Section 4.1.6.
* undefining macros                        (1): Section 2.1.19.
* underscore, in C symbols                 (1): Section 8.4.1.
* Unicode                                  (1): Section 3.4.2.
* Unicode                                  (2): Section 3.4.5.
* uninitialized                            (1): Section 3.2.
* uninitialized                            (2): Section 3.2.2.
* uninitialized storage                    (1): Section 2.2.7.
* Unix                                     (1): Section 1.3.2.
* Unix, SCO                                (1): Section 7.9.
* Unix, source archive                     (1): Section 1.3.2.
* Unix, System V                           (1): Section 7.9.
* UnixWare                                 (1): Section 7.9.
* `%unmacro'                               (1): Section 4.3.12.
* unrolled loops                           (1): Section 3.2.5.
* unsigned division                        (1): Section 3.5.6.
* unsigned modulo                          (1): Section 3.5.6.
* `UPPERCASE'                              (1): Section 2.2.1.
* `UPPERCASE'                              (2): Section 7.4.3.
* `%use'                                   (1): Section 4.6.4.
* `%use'                                   (2): Chapter 5.
* `__USE_*__'                              (1): Section 4.12.8.
* `USE16'                                  (1): Section 6.1.1.
* `USE16'                                  (2): Section 7.4.1.
* `USE32'                                  (1): Section 6.1.1.
* `USE32'                                  (2): Section 7.4.1.
* `user'                                   (1): Section 2.1.24.
* user-defined errors                      (1): Section 4.9.
* user-level assembler directives          (1): Section 4.12.
* user-level directives                    (1): Chapter 6.
* `__UTC_DATE__'                           (1): Section 4.12.7.
* `__UTC_DATE_NUM__'                       (1): Section 4.12.7.
* `__UTC_TIME__'                           (1): Section 4.12.7.
* `__UTC_TIME_NUM__'                       (1): Section 4.12.7.
* UTF-16                                   (1): Section 3.4.5.
* UTF-32                                   (1): Section 3.4.5.
* UTF-8                                    (1): Section 3.4.2.
* `__utf16__'                              (1): Section 3.4.5.
* `__utf16be__'                            (1): Section 3.4.5.
* `__utf16le__'                            (1): Section 3.4.5.
* `__utf32__'                              (1): Section 3.4.5.
* `__utf32be__'                            (1): Section 3.4.5.
* `__utf32le__'                            (1): Section 3.4.5.
* `-v' option                              (1): Section 2.1.25.
* VAL                                      (1): Section 8.1.1.
* valid characters                         (1): Section 3.1.
* variable types                           (1): Section 2.2.3.
* version                                  (1): Section 2.1.25.
* version number of NASM                   (1): Section 4.12.1.
* `vfollows='                              (1): Section 7.1.3.
* Visual C++                               (1): Section 7.5.
* `vstart='                                (1): Section 7.1.3.
* `-W' option                              (1): Section 2.1.24.
* `-w' option                              (1): Section 2.1.24.
* `%warning'                               (1): Section 4.9.
* warnings                                 (1): Section 2.1.24.
* `[warning *warning-name]'                (1): Section 2.1.24.
* `[warning +warning-name]'                (1): Section 2.1.24.
* `[warning -warning-name]'                (1): Section 2.1.24.
* website                                  (1): Section 1.2.
* `win64'                                  (1): Section 7.6.
* `win64'                                  (2): Chapter 11.
* Win64                                    (1): Section 7.4.
* Win64                                    (2): Section 7.5.
* Win64                                    (3): Chapter 9.
* Windows                                  (1): Section 8.1.
* `write'                                  (1): Section 7.9.2.
* writing operating systems                (1): Section 10.1.
* `WRT'                                    (1): Section 3.6.
* `WRT'                                    (2): Section 7.4.
* `WRT'                                    (3): Section 7.9.3.
* `WRT'                                    (4): Section 7.9.4.
* `WRT'                                    (5): Section 7.11.
* `WRT ..got'                              (1): Section 9.2.3.
* `WRT ..gotoff'                           (1): Section 9.2.2.
* `WRT ..gotpc'                            (1): Section 9.2.1.
* `WRT ..plt'                              (1): Section 9.2.5.
* `WRT ..sym'                              (1): Section 9.2.4.
* `www.cpan.org'                           (1): Section 1.3.1.
* `www.delorie.com'                        (1): Section 8.1.1.
* `www.pcorner.com'                        (1): Section 8.1.1.
* `-X' option                              (1): Section 2.1.13.
* `x2ftp.oulu.fi'                          (1): Section 8.1.1.
* x32                                      (1): Section 7.9.
* `%xdefine'                               (1): Section 4.1.2.
* `-y' option                              (1): Section 2.1.26.
* `-Z' option                              (1): Section 2.1.14.


