GTK is a widget toolkit. Each user interface created by GTK consists of widgets. This is implemented in C using GObject, an object-oriented framework for C. Widgets are organized in a hierarchy. The window widget is the main container. The user interface is then built by adding buttons, drop-down menus, input fields, and other widgets to the window. If you are creating complex user interfaces it is recommended to use GtkBuilder and its GTK-specific markup description language, instead of assembling the interface manually. You can also use a visual user interface editor, like glade.

GTK is event-driven. The toolkit listens for events such as a click on a button, and passes the event to your application.

This chapter contains some tutorial information to get you started with GTK programming. It assumes that you have GTK, its dependencies and a C compiler installed and ready to use. If you need to build GTK itself first, refer to the Compiling the GTK libraries section in this reference.

## Basics

To begin our introduction to GTK, we’ll start with a very simple application. This program will create an empty 200 × 200 pixel window.

Create a new file with the following content named `example-0.c`.

    #include <gtk/gtk.h>

    static void
    activate (GtkApplication* app,
              gpointer        user_data)
    {
      GtkWidget *window;

      window = gtk_application_window_new (app);
      gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Window");
      gtk_window_set_default_size (GTK_WINDOW (window), 200, 200);
      gtk_widget_show (window);
    }

    int
    main (int    argc,
          char **argv)
    {
      GtkApplication *app;
      int status;

      app = gtk_application_new ("org.gtk.example", G_APPLICATION_FLAGS_NONE);
      g_signal_connect (app, "activate", G_CALLBACK (activate), NULL);
      status = g_application_run (G_APPLICATION (app), argc, argv);
      g_object_unref (app);

      return status;
    }

You can compile the program above with GCC using:

    gcc $( pkg-config --cflags gtk4 ) -o example-0 example-0.c $( pkg-config --libs gtk4 )

For more information on how to compile a GTK application, please refer to the Compiling GTK Applications section in this reference.

All GTK applications will, of course, include `gtk/gtk.h`, which declares functions, types and macros required by GTK applications.

Even if GTK installs multiple header files, only the top-level `gtk/gtk.h` header can be directly included by third-party code. The compiler will abort with an error if any other header is directly included.

In a GTK application, the purpose of the `main()` function is to create a `GtkApplication` object and run it. In this example a `GtkApplication` pointer named `app` is declared and then initialized using `gtk_application_new()`.

When creating a `GtkApplication`, you need to pick an application identifier (a name) and pass it to gtk_application_new() as parameter. For this example `org.gtk.example` is used. For choosing an identifier for your application, see this guide. Lastly, gtk_application_new() takes `GApplicationFlags` as input for your application, if your application would have special needs.

Next the activate signal is connected to the activate() function above the `main()` function. The `activate` signal will be emitted when your application is launched with `g_application_run()` on the line below. The `g_application_run()` call also takes as arguments the command line arguments (the `argc` count and the `argv` string array). Your application can override the command line handling, e.g. to open files passed on the commandline.

Within `g_application_run()` the activate signal is sent and we then proceed into the activate() function of the application. This is where we construct our GTK window, so that a window is shown when the application is launched. The call to gtk_application_window_new() will create a new `GtkApplicationWindow` and store it inside the `window` pointer. The window will have a frame, a title bar, and window controls depending on the platform.

A window title is set using gtk_window_set_title(). This function takes a `GtkWindow` pointer and a string as input. As our `window` pointer is a `GtkWidget` pointer, we need to cast it to `GtkWindow`; instead of casting `window` via a typical C cast like `(GtkWindow*)`, `window` can be cast using the macro `GTK_WINDOW()`. `GTK_WINDOW()` will check if the pointer is an instance of the `GtkWindow` class, before casting, and emit a warning if the check fails. More information about this convention can be found here.

Finally the window size is set using gtk_window_set_default_size() and the window is then shown by GTK via gtk_widget_show().

When you close the window, by (for example) pressing the X button, the `g_application_run()` call returns with a number which is saved inside an integer variable named `status`. Afterwards, the `GtkApplication` object is freed from memory with `g_object_unref()`. Finally the status integer is returned and the application exits.

While the program is running, GTK is receiving events. These are typically input events caused by the user interacting with your program, but also things like messages from the window manager or other applications. GTK processes these and as a result, signals may be emitted on your widgets. Connecting handlers for these signals is how you normally make your program do something in response to user input.

The following example is slightly more complex, and tries to showcase some of the capabilities of GTK.

## Hello, World

In the long tradition of programming languages and libraries, this example is called Hello, World.

### Hello World in C

Create a new file with the following content named `example-1.c`.

    #include <gtk/gtk.h>

    static void
    print_hello (GtkWidget *widget,
                 gpointer   data)
    {
      g_print ("Hello World\n");
    }

    static void
    activate (GtkApplication *app,
              gpointer        user_data)
    {
      GtkWidget *window;
      GtkWidget *button;
      GtkWidget *box;

      window = gtk_application_window_new (app);
      gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Window");
      gtk_window_set_default_size (GTK_WINDOW (window), 200, 200);

      box = gtk_box_new (GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL, 0);
      gtk_window_set_child (GTK_WINDOW (window), box);

      button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Hello World");
      g_signal_connect (button, "clicked", G_CALLBACK (print_hello), NULL);
      g_signal_connect_swapped (button, "clicked", G_CALLBACK (gtk_window_destroy), window);
      gtk_box_append (GTK_BOX (box), button);

      gtk_widget_show (window);
    }

    int
    main (int    argc,
          char **argv)
    {
      GtkApplication *app;
      int status;

      app = gtk_application_new ("org.gtk.example", G_APPLICATION_FLAGS_NONE);
      g_signal_connect (app, "activate", G_CALLBACK (activate), NULL);
      status = g_application_run (G_APPLICATION (app), argc, argv);
      g_object_unref (app);

      return status;
    }

You can compile the program above with GCC using:

    gcc $( pkg-config --cflags gtk4 ) -o example-1 example-1.c $( pkg-config --libs gtk4 )

As seen above, `example-1.c` builds further upon `example-0.c` by adding a button to our window, with the label “Hello World”. Two new `GtkWidget` pointers are declared to accomplish this, `button` and `box`. The box variable is created to store a `GtkBox`, which is GTK’s way of controlling the size and layout of buttons.

The `GtkBox` widget is created with gtk_box_new(), which takes a `GtkOrientation` enumeration value as parameter. The buttons which this box will contain can either be laid out horizontally or vertically. This does not matter in this particular case, as we are dealing with only one button. After initializing box with the newly created `GtkBox`, the code adds the box widget to the window widget using gtk_window_set_child().

Next the `button` variable is initialized in similar manner. gtk_button_new_with_label() is called which returns a `GtkButton` to be stored in `button`. Afterwards `button` is added to our `box`.

Using `g_signal_connect()`, the button is connected to a function in our app called `print_hello()`, so that when the button is clicked, GTK will call this function. As the `print_hello()` function does not use any data as input, `NULL` is passed to it. `print_hello()` calls `g_print()` with the string “Hello World” which will print Hello World in a terminal if the GTK application was started from one.

After connecting `print_hello()`, another signal is connected to the “clicked” state of the button using `g_signal_connect_swapped()`. This functions is similar to a `g_signal_connect()`, with the difference lying in how the callback function is treated; `g_signal_connect_swapped()` allows you to specify what the callback function should take as parameter by letting you pass it as data. In this case the function being called back is gtk_window_destroy() and the `window` pointer is passed to it. This has the effect that when the button is clicked, the whole GTK window is destroyed. In contrast if a normal `g_signal_connect()` were used to connect the “clicked” signal with gtk_window_destroy(), then the function would be called on `button` (which would not go well, since the function expects a `GtkWindow` as argument).

More information about creating buttons can be found here.

The rest of the code in `example-1.c` is identical to `example-0.c`. The next section will elaborate further on how to add several GtkWidgets to your GTK application.

## Packing

When creating an application, you’ll want to put more than one widget inside a window. When you do so, it becomes important to control how each widget is positioned and sized. This is where packing comes in.

GTK comes with a large variety of layout containers whose purpose it is to control the layout of the child widgets that are added to them. See Layout containers for an overview.

The following example shows how the GtkGrid container lets you arrange several buttons:

### Packing buttons

Create a new file with the following content named `example-2.c`.

    #include <gtk/gtk.h>

    static void
    print_hello (GtkWidget *widget,
                 gpointer   data)
    {
      g_print ("Hello World\n");
    }

    static void
    activate (GtkApplication *app,
              gpointer        user_data)
    {
      GtkWidget *window;
      GtkWidget *grid;
      GtkWidget *button;

      /* create a new window, and set its title */
      window = gtk_application_window_new (app);
      gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Window");

      /* Here we construct the container that is going pack our buttons */
      grid = gtk_grid_new ();

      /* Pack the container in the window */
      gtk_window_set_child (GTK_WINDOW (window), grid);

      button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Button 1");
      g_signal_connect (button, "clicked", G_CALLBACK (print_hello), NULL);

      /* Place the first button in the grid cell (0, 0), and make it fill
       * just 1 cell horizontally and vertically (ie no spanning)
       */
      gtk_grid_attach (GTK_GRID (grid), button, 0, 0, 1, 1);

      button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Button 2");
      g_signal_connect (button, "clicked", G_CALLBACK (print_hello), NULL);

      /* Place the second button in the grid cell (1, 0), and make it fill
       * just 1 cell horizontally and vertically (ie no spanning)
       */
      gtk_grid_attach (GTK_GRID (grid), button, 1, 0, 1, 1);

      button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Quit");
      g_signal_connect_swapped (button, "clicked", G_CALLBACK (gtk_window_destroy), window);

      /* Place the Quit button in the grid cell (0, 1), and make it
       * span 2 columns.
       */
      gtk_grid_attach (GTK_GRID (grid), button, 0, 1, 2, 1);

      gtk_widget_show (window);

    }

    int
    main (int    argc,
          char **argv)
    {
      GtkApplication *app;
      int status;

      app = gtk_application_new ("org.gtk.example", G_APPLICATION_FLAGS_NONE);
      g_signal_connect (app, "activate", G_CALLBACK (activate), NULL);
      status = g_application_run (G_APPLICATION (app), argc, argv);
      g_object_unref (app);

      return status;
    }

You can compile the program above with GCC using:

    gcc $( pkg-config --cflags gtk4 ) -o example-2 example-2.c $( pkg-config --libs gtk4 )

## Custom Drawing

Many widgets, like buttons, do all their drawing themselves. You just tell them the label you want to see, and they figure out what font to use, draw the button outline and focus rectangle, etc. Sometimes, it is necessary to do some custom drawing. In that case, a `GtkDrawingArea` might be the right widget to use. It offers a canvas on which you can draw by setting its draw function.

The contents of a widget often need to be partially or fully redrawn, e.g. when another window is moved and uncovers part of the widget, or when the window containing it is resized. It is also possible to explicitly cause a widget to be redrawn, by calling gtk_widget_queue_draw(). GTK takes care of most of the details by providing a ready-to-use cairo context to the draw function.

The following example shows how to use a draw function with GtkDrawingArea. It is a bit more complicated than the previous examples, since it also demonstrates input event handling with event controllers.

### Drawing in response to input

Create a new file with the following content named `example-4.c`.

    #include <gtk/gtk.h>

    /* Surface to store current scribbles */
    static cairo_surface_t *surface = NULL;

    static void
    clear_surface (void)
    {
      cairo_t *cr;

      cr = cairo_create (surface);

      cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 1, 1, 1);
      cairo_paint (cr);

      cairo_destroy (cr);
    }

    /* Create a new surface of the appropriate size to store our scribbles */
    static void
    resize_cb (GtkWidget *widget,
               int        width,
               int        height,
               gpointer   data)
    {
      if (surface)
        {
          cairo_surface_destroy (surface);
          surface = NULL;
        }

      if (gtk_native_get_surface (gtk_widget_get_native (widget)))
        {
          surface = gdk_surface_create_similar_surface (gtk_native_get_surface (gtk_widget_get_native (widget)),
                                                       CAIRO_CONTENT_COLOR,
                                                       gtk_widget_get_width (widget),
                                                       gtk_widget_get_height (widget));

          /* Initialize the surface to white */
          clear_surface ();
        }
    }

    /* Redraw the screen from the surface. Note that the draw
     * callback receives a ready-to-be-used cairo_t that is already
     * clipped to only draw the exposed areas of the widget
     */
    static void
    draw_cb (GtkDrawingArea *drawing_area,
             cairo_t        *cr,
             int             width,
             int             height,
             gpointer        data)
    {
      cairo_set_source_surface (cr, surface, 0, 0);
      cairo_paint (cr);
    }

    /* Draw a rectangle on the surface at the given position */
    static void
    draw_brush (GtkWidget *widget,
                double     x,
                double     y)
    {
      cairo_t *cr;

      /* Paint to the surface, where we store our state */
      cr = cairo_create (surface);

      cairo_rectangle (cr, x - 3, y - 3, 6, 6);
      cairo_fill (cr);

      cairo_destroy (cr);

      /* Now invalidate the drawing area. */
      gtk_widget_queue_draw (widget);
    }

    static double start_x;
    static double start_y;

    static void
    drag_begin (GtkGestureDrag *gesture,
                double          x,
                double          y,
                GtkWidget      *area)
    {
      start_x = x;
      start_y = y;

      draw_brush (area, x, y);
    }

    static void
    drag_update (GtkGestureDrag *gesture,
                 double          x,
                 double          y,
                 GtkWidget      *area)
    {
      draw_brush (area, start_x + x, start_y + y);
    }

    static void
    drag_end (GtkGestureDrag *gesture,
              double          x,
              double          y,
              GtkWidget      *area)
    {
      draw_brush (area, start_x + x, start_y + y);
    }

    static void
    pressed (GtkGestureClick *gesture,
             int              n_press,
             double           x,
             double           y,
             GtkWidget       *area)
    {
      clear_surface ();
      gtk_widget_queue_draw (area);
    }

    static void
    close_window (void)
    {
      if (surface)
        cairo_surface_destroy (surface);
    }

    static void
    activate (GtkApplication *app,
              gpointer        user_data)
    {
      GtkWidget *window;
      GtkWidget *frame;
      GtkWidget *drawing_area;
      GtkGesture *drag;
      GtkGesture *press;

      window = gtk_application_window_new (app);
      gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Drawing Area");

      g_signal_connect (window, "destroy", G_CALLBACK (close_window), NULL);

      frame = gtk_frame_new (NULL);
      gtk_window_set_child (GTK_WINDOW (window), frame);

      drawing_area = gtk_drawing_area_new ();
      /* set a minimum size */
      gtk_widget_set_size_request (drawing_area, 100, 100);

      gtk_frame_set_child (GTK_FRAME (frame), drawing_area);

      gtk_drawing_area_set_draw_func (GTK_DRAWING_AREA (drawing_area), draw_cb, NULL, NULL);

      g_signal_connect_after (drawing_area, "resize", G_CALLBACK (resize_cb), NULL);

      drag = gtk_gesture_drag_new ();
      gtk_gesture_single_set_button (GTK_GESTURE_SINGLE (drag), GDK_BUTTON_PRIMARY);
      gtk_widget_add_controller (drawing_area, GTK_EVENT_CONTROLLER (drag));
      g_signal_connect (drag, "drag-begin", G_CALLBACK (drag_begin), drawing_area);
      g_signal_connect (drag, "drag-update", G_CALLBACK (drag_update), drawing_area);
      g_signal_connect (drag, "drag-end", G_CALLBACK (drag_end), drawing_area);

      press = gtk_gesture_click_new ();
      gtk_gesture_single_set_button (GTK_GESTURE_SINGLE (press), GDK_BUTTON_SECONDARY);
      gtk_widget_add_controller (drawing_area, GTK_EVENT_CONTROLLER (press));

      g_signal_connect (press, "pressed", G_CALLBACK (pressed), drawing_area);

      gtk_widget_show (window);
    }

    int
    main (int    argc,
          char **argv)
    {
      GtkApplication *app;
      int status;

      app = gtk_application_new ("org.gtk.example", G_APPLICATION_FLAGS_NONE);
      g_signal_connect (app, "activate", G_CALLBACK (activate), NULL);
      status = g_application_run (G_APPLICATION (app), argc, argv);
      g_object_unref (app);

      return status;
    }

You can compile the program above with GCC using:

    gcc $( pkg-config --cflags gtk4 ) -o example-4 example-4.c $( pkg-config --libs gtk4 )

## Building user interfaces

When constructing a more complicated user interface, with dozens or hundreds of widgets, doing all the setup work in C code is cumbersome, and making changes becomes next to impossible.

Thankfully, GTK supports the separation of user interface layout from your business logic, by using UI descriptions in an XML format that can be parsed by the `GtkBuilder` class.

### Packing buttons with GtkBuilder

Create a new file with the following content named `example-3.c`.

    #include <gtk/gtk.h>
    #include <glib/gstdio.h>

    static void
    print_hello (GtkWidget *widget,
                 gpointer   data)
    {
      g_print ("Hello World\n");
    }

    static void
    quit_cb (GtkWindow *window)
    {
      gtk_window_close (window);
    }

    static void
    activate (GtkApplication *app,
              gpointer        user_data)
    {
      /* Construct a GtkBuilder instance and load our UI description */
      GtkBuilder *builder = gtk_builder_new ();
      gtk_builder_add_from_file (builder, "builder.ui", NULL);

      /* Connect signal handlers to the constructed widgets. */
      GObject *window = gtk_builder_get_object (builder, "window");
      gtk_window_set_application (GTK_WINDOW (window), app);

      GObject *button = gtk_builder_get_object (builder, "button1");
      g_signal_connect (button, "clicked", G_CALLBACK (print_hello), NULL);

      button = gtk_builder_get_object (builder, "button2");
      g_signal_connect (button, "clicked", G_CALLBACK (print_hello), NULL);

      button = gtk_builder_get_object (builder, "quit");
      g_signal_connect_swapped (button, "clicked", G_CALLBACK (quit_cb), window);

      gtk_widget_show (GTK_WIDGET (window));

      /* We do not need the builder any more */
      g_object_unref (builder);
    }

    int
    main (int   argc,
          char *argv[])
    {
    #ifdef GTK_SRCDIR
      g_chdir (GTK_SRCDIR);
    #endif

      GtkApplication *app = gtk_application_new ("org.gtk.example", G_APPLICATION_FLAGS_NONE);
      g_signal_connect (app, "activate", G_CALLBACK (activate), NULL);

      int status = g_application_run (G_APPLICATION (app), argc, argv);
      g_object_unref (app);

      return status;
    }

Create a new file with the following content named `builder.ui`.

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <interface>
      <object id="window" class="GtkWindow">
        <property name="title">Grid</property>
        <child>
          <object id="grid" class="GtkGrid">
            <child>
              <object id="button1" class="GtkButton">
                <property name="label">Button 1</property>
                <layout>
                  <property name="column">0</property>
                  <property name="row">0</property>
                </layout>
              </object>
            </child>
            <child>
              <object id="button2" class="GtkButton">
                <property name="label">Button 2</property>
                <layout>
                  <property name="column">1</property>
                  <property name="row">0</property>
                </layout>
              </object>
            </child>
            <child>
              <object id="quit" class="GtkButton">
                <property name="label">Quit</property>
                <layout>
                  <property name="column">0</property>
                  <property name="row">1</property>
                  <property name="column-span">2</property>
                </layout>
              </object>
            </child>
          </object>
        </child>
      </object>
    </interface>

You can compile the program above with GCC using:

    gcc $( pkg-config --cflags gtk4 ) -o example-3 example-3.c $( pkg-config --libs gtk4 )

Note that `GtkBuilder` can also be used to construct objects that are not widgets, such as tree models, adjustments, etc. That is the reason the method we use here is called gtk_builder_get_object() and returns a `GObject` instead of a `GtkWidget`.

Normally, you would pass a full path to gtk_builder_add_from_file() to make the execution of your program independent of the current directory. A common location to install UI descriptions and similar data is `/usr/share/appname`.

It is also possible to embed the UI description in the source code as a string and use gtk_builder_add_from_string() to load it. But keeping the UI description in a separate file has several advantages: It is then possible to make minor adjustments to the UI without recompiling your program, and, more importantly, graphical UI editors such as Glade can load the file and allow you to create and modify your UI by point-and-click.

## Building applications

An application consists of a number of files:

The binary
  This gets installed in `/usr/bin`.
A desktop file
  The desktop file provides important information about the application to the desktop shell, such as its name, icon, D-Bus name, commandline to launch it, etc. It is installed in `/usr/share/applications`.
An icon
  The icon gets installed in `/usr/share/icons/hicolor/48x48/apps`, where it will be found regardless of the current theme.
A settings schema
  If the application uses GSettings, it will install its schema in `/usr/share/glib-2.0/schemas`, so that tools like dconf-editor can find it.
Other resources
  Other files, such as GtkBuilder ui files, are best loaded from resources stored in the application binary itself. This eliminates the need for most of the files that would traditionally be installed in an application-specific location in `/usr/share`.

GTK includes application support that is built on top of `GApplication`. In this tutorial we’ll build a simple application by starting from scratch, adding more and more pieces over time. Along the way, we’ll learn about `GtkApplication`, templates, resources, application menus, settings, `GtkHeaderBar`, `GtkStack`, `GtkSearchBar`, `GtkListBox`, and more.

The full, buildable sources for these examples can be found in the `examples` directory of the GTK source distribution, or online in the GTK source code repository. You can build each example separately by using make with the `Makefile.example` file. For more information, see the `README` included in the examples directory.

### A trivial application

When using `GtkApplication`, the `main()` function can be very simple. We just call `g_application_run()` and give it an instance of our application class.

    #include <gtk/gtk.h>

    #include "exampleapp.h"

    int
    main (int argc, char *argv[])
    {
      return g_application_run (G_APPLICATION (example_app_new ()), argc, argv);
    }

All the application logic is in the application class, which is a subclass of GtkApplication. Our example does not yet have any interesting functionality. All it does is open a window when it is activated without arguments, and open the files it is given, if it is started with arguments.

To handle these two cases, we override the activate() vfunc, which gets called when the application is launched without commandline arguments, and the `open()` virtual function, which gets called when the application is launched with commandline arguments.

To learn more about `GApplication` entry points, consult the GIO documentation.

    #include <gtk/gtk.h>

    #include "exampleapp.h"
    #include "exampleappwin.h"

    struct _ExampleApp
    {
      GtkApplication parent;
    };

    G_DEFINE_TYPE(ExampleApp, example_app, GTK_TYPE_APPLICATION);

    static void
    example_app_init (ExampleApp *app)
    {
    }

    static void
    example_app_activate (GApplication *app)
    {
      ExampleAppWindow *win;

      win = example_app_window_new (EXAMPLE_APP (app));
      gtk_window_present (GTK_WINDOW (win));
    }

    static void
    example_app_open (GApplication  *app,
                      GFile        **files,
                      int            n_files,
                      const char    *hint)
    {
      GList *windows;
      ExampleAppWindow *win;
      int i;

      windows = gtk_application_get_windows (GTK_APPLICATION (app));
      if (windows)
        win = EXAMPLE_APP_WINDOW (windows->data);
      else
        win = example_app_window_new (EXAMPLE_APP (app));

      for (i = 0; i < n_files; i++)
        example_app_window_open (win, files[i]);

      gtk_window_present (GTK_WINDOW (win));
    }

    static void
    example_app_class_init (ExampleAppClass *class)
    {
      G_APPLICATION_CLASS (class)->activate = example_app_activate;
      G_APPLICATION_CLASS (class)->open = example_app_open;
    }

    ExampleApp *
    example_app_new (void)
    {
      return g_object_new (EXAMPLE_APP_TYPE,
                           "application-id", "org.gtk.exampleapp",
                           "flags", G_APPLICATION_HANDLES_OPEN,
                           NULL);
    }

Another important class that is part of the application support in GTK is `GtkApplicationWindow`. It is typically subclassed as well. Our subclass does not do anything yet, so we will just get an empty window.

    #include <gtk/gtk.h>

    #include "exampleapp.h"
    #include "exampleappwin.h"

    struct _ExampleAppWindow
    {
      GtkApplicationWindow parent;
    };

    G_DEFINE_TYPE(ExampleAppWindow, example_app_window, GTK_TYPE_APPLICATION_WINDOW);

    static void
    example_app_window_init (ExampleAppWindow *app)
    {
    }

    static void
    example_app_window_class_init (ExampleAppWindowClass *class)
    {
    }

    ExampleAppWindow *
    example_app_window_new (ExampleApp *app)
    {
      return g_object_new (EXAMPLE_APP_WINDOW_TYPE, "application", app, NULL);
    }

    void
    example_app_window_open (ExampleAppWindow *win,
                             GFile            *file)
    {
    }

As part of the initial setup of our application, we also create an icon and a desktop file.

    [Desktop Entry]
    Type=Application
    Name=Example
    Icon=exampleapp
    StartupNotify=true
    Exec=`bindir`@/exampleapp

Note that ``bindir`@` needs to be replaced with the actual path to the binary before this desktop file can be used.

Here is what we’ve achieved so far:

This does not look very impressive yet, but our application is already presenting itself on the session bus, it has single-instance semantics, and it accepts files as commandline arguments.

### Populating the window

In this step, we use a GtkBuilder template to associate a GtkBuilder ui file with our application window class.

Our simple ui file gives the window a title, and puts a GtkStack widget as the main content.

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <interface>
      <template class="ExampleAppWindow" parent="GtkApplicationWindow">
        <property name="title" translatable="yes">Example Application</property>
        <property name="default-width">600</property>
        <property name="default-height">400</property>
        <child>
          <object class="GtkBox" id="content_box">
            <property name="orientation">vertical</property>
            <child>
              <object class="GtkStack" id="stack"/>
            </child>
          </object>
        </child>
      </template>
    </interface>

To make use of this file in our application, we revisit our `GtkApplicationWindow` subclass, and call `gtk_widget_class_set_template_from_resource()` from the class init function to set the ui file as template for this class. We also add a call to `gtk_widget_init_template()` in the instance init function to instantiate the template for each instance of our class.

     ...

    static void
    example_app_window_init (ExampleAppWindow *win)
    {
      gtk_widget_init_template (GTK_WIDGET (win));
    }

    static void
    example_app_window_class_init (ExampleAppWindowClass *class)
    {
      gtk_widget_class_set_template_from_resource (GTK_WIDGET_CLASS (class),
                                                   "/org/gtk/exampleapp/window.ui");
    }

     ...

(full source)

You may have noticed that we used the `_from_resource()` variant of the function that sets a template. Now we need to use GLib’s resource functionality to include the ui file in the binary. This is commonly done by listing all resources in a `.gresource.xml` file, such as this:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <gresources>
      <gresource prefix="/org/gtk/exampleapp">
        <file preprocess="xml-stripblanks">window.ui</file>
      </gresource>
    </gresources>

This file has to be converted into a C source file that will be compiled and linked into the application together with the other source files. To do so, we use the `glib-compile-resources` utility:

    glib-compile-resources exampleapp.gresource.xml --target=resources.c --generate-source

The gnome module of the Meson build system provides the gnome.compile_resources() method for this task.

Our application now looks like this:

### Opening files

In this step, we make our application show the content of all the files that it is given on the commandline.

To this end, we add a member to the struct of our application window subclass and keep a reference to the `GtkStack` there. The first member of the struct should be the parent type from which the class is derived. Here, `ExampleAppWindow` is derived from `GtkApplicationWindow`. The `gtk_widget_class_bind_template_child()` function arranges things so that after instantiating the template, the `stack` member of the struct will point to the widget of the same name from the template.

    ...

    struct _ExampleAppWindow
    {
      GtkApplicationWindow parent;

      GtkWidget *stack;
    };

    G_DEFINE_TYPE (ExampleAppWindow, example_app_window, GTK_TYPE_APPLICATION_WINDOW)

    ...

    static void
    example_app_window_class_init (ExampleAppWindowClass *class)
    {
      gtk_widget_class_set_template_from_resource (GTK_WIDGET_CLASS (class),
                                                   "/org/gtk/exampleapp/window.ui");
      gtk_widget_class_bind_template_child (GTK_WIDGET_CLASS (class), ExampleAppWindow, stack);
    }

    ...

(full source)

Now we revisit the `example_app_window_open()` function that is called for each commandline argument, and construct a GtkTextView that we then add as a page to the stack:

    ...

    void
    example_app_window_open (ExampleAppWindow *win,
                             GFile            *file)
    {
      char *basename;
      GtkWidget *scrolled, *view;
      char *contents;
      gsize length;

      basename = g_file_get_basename (file);

      scrolled = gtk_scrolled_window_new ();
      gtk_widget_set_hexpand (scrolled, TRUE);
      gtk_widget_set_vexpand (scrolled, TRUE);
      view = gtk_text_view_new ();
      gtk_text_view_set_editable (GTK_TEXT_VIEW (view), FALSE);
      gtk_text_view_set_cursor_visible (GTK_TEXT_VIEW (view), FALSE);
      gtk_scrolled_window_set_child (GTK_SCROLLED_WINDOW (scrolled), view);
      gtk_stack_add_titled (GTK_STACK (win->stack), scrolled, basename, basename);

      if (g_file_load_contents (file, NULL, &contents, &length, NULL, NULL))
        {
          GtkTextBuffer *buffer;

          buffer = gtk_text_view_get_buffer (GTK_TEXT_VIEW (view));
          gtk_text_buffer_set_text (buffer, contents, length);
          g_free (contents);
        }

      g_free (basename);
    }

    ...

(full source)

Lastly, we add a `GtkStackSwitcher` to the titlebar area in the UI file, and we tell it to display information about our stack.

The stack switcher gets all its information it needs to display tabs from the stack that it belongs to. Here, we are passing the label to show for each file as the last argument to the gtk_stack_add_titled() function.

Our application is beginning to take shape:

### A menu

The menu is shown at the right side of the headerbar. It is meant to collect infrequently used actions that affect the whole application.

Just like the window template, we specify our menu in a ui file, and add it as a resource to our binary.

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <interface>
      <menu id="menu">
        <section>
          <item>
            <attribute name="label" translatable="yes">_Preferences</attribute>
            <attribute name="action">app.preferences</attribute>
          </item>
        </section>
        <section>
          <item>
            <attribute name="label" translatable="yes">_Quit</attribute>
            <attribute name="action">app.quit</attribute>
          </item>
        </section>
      </menu>
    </interface>

To make the menu appear, we have to load the ui file and associate the resulting menu model with the menu button that we’ve added to the headerbar. Since menus work by activating GActions, we also have to add a suitable set of actions to our application.

Adding the actions is best done in the startup() vfunc, which is guaranteed to be called once for each primary application instance:

    ...

    static void
    preferences_activated (GSimpleAction *action,
                           GVariant      *parameter,
                           gpointer       app)
    {
    }

    static void
    quit_activated (GSimpleAction *action,
                    GVariant      *parameter,
                    gpointer       app)
    {
      g_application_quit (G_APPLICATION (app));
    }

    static GActionEntry app_entries[] =
    {
      { "preferences", preferences_activated, NULL, NULL, NULL },
      { "quit", quit_activated, NULL, NULL, NULL }
    };

    static void
    example_app_startup (GApplication *app)
    {
      GtkBuilder *builder;
      GMenuModel *app_menu;
      const char *quit_accels[2] = { "&lt;Ctrl&gt;Q", NULL };

      G_APPLICATION_CLASS (example_app_parent_class)->startup (app);

      g_action_map_add_action_entries (G_ACTION_MAP (app),
                                       app_entries, G_N_ELEMENTS (app_entries),
                                       app);
      gtk_application_set_accels_for_action (GTK_APPLICATION (app),
                                             "app.quit",
                                             quit_accels);
    }

    static void
    example_app_class_init (ExampleAppClass *class)
    {
      G_APPLICATION_CLASS (class)->startup = example_app_startup;
      ...
    }

    ...

(full source)

Our preferences menu item does not do anything yet, but the Quit menu item is fully functional. Note that it can also be activated by the usual Ctrl-Q shortcut. The shortcut was added with `gtk_application_set_accels_for_action()`.

The application menu looks like this:

### A preference dialog

A typical application will have a some preferences that should be remembered from one run to the next. Even for our simple example application, we may want to change the font that is used for the content.

We are going to use `GSettings` to store our preferences. `GSettings` requires a schema that describes our settings:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <schemalist>
      <schema path="/org/gtk/exampleapp/" id="org.gtk.exampleapp">
        <key name="font" type="s">
          <default>'Monospace 12'</default>
          <summary>Font</summary>
          <description>The font to be used for content.</description>
        </key>
        <key name="transition" type="s">
          <choices>
            <choice value='none'/>
            <choice value='crossfade'/>
            <choice value='slide-left-right'/>
          </choices>
          <default>'none'</default>
          <summary>Transition</summary>
          <description>The transition to use when switching tabs.</description>
        </key>
      </schema>
    </schemalist>

Before we can make use of this schema in our application, we need to compile it into the binary form that GSettings expects. GIO provides macros to do this in autotools-based projects, and the gnome module of the Meson build system provides the gnome.compile_schemas() method for this task.

Next, we need to connect our settings to the widgets that they are supposed to control. One convenient way to do this is to use `GSettings` bind functionality to bind settings keys to object properties, as we do here for the transition setting.

    ...

    static void
    example_app_window_init (ExampleAppWindow *win)
    {
      gtk_widget_init_template (GTK_WIDGET (win));
      win->settings = g_settings_new ("org.gtk.exampleapp");

      g_settings_bind (win->settings, "transition",
                       win->stack, "transition-type",
                       G_SETTINGS_BIND_DEFAULT);
    }

    ...

(full source)

The code to connect the font setting is a little more involved, since there is no simple object property that it corresponds to, so we are not going to go into that here.

At this point, the application will already react if you change one of the settings, e.g. using the `gsettings` command line tool. Of course, we expect the application to provide a preference dialog for these. So lets do that now. Our preference dialog will be a subclass of `GtkDialog`, and we’ll use the same techniques that we’ve already seen: templates, private structs, settings bindings.

Lets start with the template.

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <interface>
      <template class="ExampleAppPrefs" parent="GtkDialog">
        <property name="title" translatable="yes">Preferences</property>
        <property name="resizable">0</property>
        <property name="modal">1</property>
        <child internal-child="content_area">
          <object class="GtkBox" id="content_area">
            <child>
              <object class="GtkGrid" id="grid">
                <property name="margin-start">12</property>
                <property name="margin-end">12</property>
                <property name="margin-top">12</property>
                <property name="margin-bottom">12</property>
                <property name="row-spacing">12</property>
                <property name="column-spacing">12</property>
                <child>
                  <object class="GtkLabel" id="fontlabel">
                    <property name="label">_Font:</property>
                    <property name="use-underline">1</property>
                    <property name="mnemonic-widget">font</property>
                    <property name="xalign">1</property>
                    <layout>
                      <property name="column">0</property>
                      <property name="row">0</property>
                    </layout>
                  </object>
                </child>
                <child>
                  <object class="GtkFontButton" id="font">
                    <layout>
                      <property name="column">1</property>
                      <property name="row">0</property>
                    </layout>
                  </object>
                </child>
                <child>
                  <object class="GtkLabel" id="transitionlabel">
                    <property name="label">_Transition:</property>
                    <property name="use-underline">1</property>
                    <property name="mnemonic-widget">transition</property>
                    <property name="xalign">1</property>
                    <layout>
                      <property name="column">0</property>
                      <property name="row">1</property>
                    </layout>
                  </object>
                </child>
                <child>
                  <object class="GtkComboBoxText" id="transition">
                    <items>
                      <item translatable="yes" id="none">None</item>
                      <item translatable="yes" id="crossfade">Fade</item>
                      <item translatable="yes" id="slide-left-right">Slide</item>
                    </items>
                    <layout>
                      <property name="column">1</property>
                      <property name="row">1</property>
                    </layout>
                  </object>
                </child>
              </object>
            </child>
          </object>
        </child>
      </template>
    </interface>

Next comes the dialog subclass.

    #include <gtk/gtk.h>

    #include "exampleapp.h"
    #include "exampleappwin.h"
    #include "exampleappprefs.h"

    struct _ExampleAppPrefs
    {
      GtkDialog parent;

      GSettings *settings;
      GtkWidget *font;
      GtkWidget *transition;
    };

    G_DEFINE_TYPE (ExampleAppPrefs, example_app_prefs, GTK_TYPE_DIALOG)

    static void
    example_app_prefs_init (ExampleAppPrefs *prefs)
    {
      gtk_widget_init_template (GTK_WIDGET (prefs));
      prefs->settings = g_settings_new ("org.gtk.exampleapp");

      g_settings_bind (prefs->settings, "font",
                       prefs->font, "font",
                       G_SETTINGS_BIND_DEFAULT);
      g_settings_bind (prefs->settings, "transition",
                       prefs->transition, "active-id",
                       G_SETTINGS_BIND_DEFAULT);
    }

    static void
    example_app_prefs_dispose (GObject *object)
    {
      ExampleAppPrefs *prefs;

      prefs = EXAMPLE_APP_PREFS (object);

      g_clear_object (&prefs->settings);

      G_OBJECT_CLASS (example_app_prefs_parent_class)->dispose (object);
    }

    static void
    example_app_prefs_class_init (ExampleAppPrefsClass *class)
    {
      G_OBJECT_CLASS (class)->dispose = example_app_prefs_dispose;

      gtk_widget_class_set_template_from_resource (GTK_WIDGET_CLASS (class),
                                                   "/org/gtk/exampleapp/prefs.ui");
      gtk_widget_class_bind_template_child (GTK_WIDGET_CLASS (class), ExampleAppPrefs, font);
      gtk_widget_class_bind_template_child (GTK_WIDGET_CLASS (class), ExampleAppPrefs, transition);
    }

    ExampleAppPrefs *
    example_app_prefs_new (ExampleAppWindow *win)
    {
      return g_object_new (EXAMPLE_APP_PREFS_TYPE, "transient-for", win, "use-header-bar", TRUE, NULL);
    }

Now we revisit the `preferences_activated()` function in our application class, and make it open a new preference dialog.

    ...

    static void
    preferences_activated (GSimpleAction *action,
                           GVariant      *parameter,
                           gpointer       app)
    {
      ExampleAppPrefs *prefs;
      GtkWindow *win;

      win = gtk_application_get_active_window (GTK_APPLICATION (app));
      prefs = example_app_prefs_new (EXAMPLE_APP_WINDOW (win));
      gtk_window_present (GTK_WINDOW (prefs));
    }

    ...

(full source)

After all this work, our application can now show a preference dialog like this:

### Adding a search bar

We continue to flesh out the functionality of our application. For now, we add search. GTK supports this with `GtkSearchEntry` and `GtkSearchBar`. The search bar is a widget that can slide in from the top to present a search entry.

We add a toggle button to the header bar, which can be used to slide out the search bar below the header bar.

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <interface>
      <template class="ExampleAppWindow" parent="GtkApplicationWindow">
        <property name="title" translatable="yes">Example Application</property>
        <property name="default-width">600</property>
        <property name="default-height">400</property>
        <child type="titlebar">
          <object class="GtkHeaderBar" id="header">
            <child type="title">
              <object class="GtkStackSwitcher" id="tabs">
                <property name="stack">stack</property>
              </object>
            </child>
            <child type="end">
              <object class="GtkMenuButton" id="gears">
                <property name="direction">none</property>
              </object>
            </child>
            <child type="end">
              <object class="GtkToggleButton" id="search">
                <property name="sensitive">0</property>
                <property name="icon-name">edit-find-symbolic</property>
              </object>
            </child>
          </object>
        </child>
        <child>
          <object class="GtkBox" id="content_box">
            <property name="orientation">vertical</property>
            <child>
              <object class="GtkSearchBar" id="searchbar">
                <child>
                  <object class="GtkSearchEntry" id="searchentry">
                    <signal name="search-changed" handler="search_text_changed"/>
                  </object>
                </child>
              </object>
            </child>
            <child>
              <object class="GtkStack" id="stack">
                <signal name="notify::visible-child" handler="visible_child_changed"/>
              </object>
            </child>
          </object>
        </child>
      </template>
    </interface>

Implementing the search needs quite a few code changes that we are not going to completely go over here. The central piece of the search implementation is a signal handler that listens for text changes in the search entry.

    ...

    static void
    search_text_changed (GtkEntry         *entry,
                         ExampleAppWindow *win)
    {
      const char *text;
      GtkWidget *tab;
      GtkWidget *view;
      GtkTextBuffer *buffer;
      GtkTextIter start, match_start, match_end;

      text = gtk_editable_get_text (GTK_EDITABLE (entry));

      if (text[0] == '\0')
        return;

      tab = gtk_stack_get_visible_child (GTK_STACK (win->stack));
      view = gtk_scrolled_window_get_child (GTK_SCROLLED_WINDOW (tab));
      buffer = gtk_text_view_get_buffer (GTK_TEXT_VIEW (view));

      /* Very simple-minded search implementation */
      gtk_text_buffer_get_start_iter (buffer, &start);
      if (gtk_text_iter_forward_search (&start, text, GTK_TEXT_SEARCH_CASE_INSENSITIVE,
                                        &match_start, &match_end, NULL))
        {
          gtk_text_buffer_select_range (buffer, &match_start, &match_end);
          gtk_text_view_scroll_to_iter (GTK_TEXT_VIEW (view), &match_start,
                                        0.0, FALSE, 0.0, 0.0);
        }
    }

    static void
    example_app_window_init (ExampleAppWindow *win)
    {

    ...

      gtk_widget_class_bind_template_callback (GTK_WIDGET_CLASS (class), search_text_changed);

    ...

    }

    ...

(full source)

With the search bar, our application now looks like this:

### Adding a side bar

As another piece of functionality, we are adding a sidebar, which demonstrates `GtkMenuButton`, `GtkRevealer` and `GtkListBox`.

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <interface>
      <template class="ExampleAppWindow" parent="GtkApplicationWindow">
        <property name="title" translatable="yes">Example Application</property>
        <property name="default-width">600</property>
        <property name="default-height">400</property>
        <child type="titlebar">
          <object class="GtkHeaderBar" id="header">
            <child type="title">
              <object class="GtkStackSwitcher" id="tabs">
                <property name="stack">stack</property>
              </object>
            </child>
            <child type="end">
              <object class="GtkToggleButton" id="search">
                <property name="sensitive">0</property>
                <property name="icon-name">edit-find-symbolic</property>
              </object>
            </child>
            <child type="end">
              <object class="GtkMenuButton" id="gears">
                <property name="direction">none</property>
              </object>
            </child>
          </object>
        </child>
        <child>
          <object class="GtkBox" id="content_box">
            <property name="orientation">vertical</property>
            <child>
              <object class="GtkSearchBar" id="searchbar">
                <child>
                  <object class="GtkSearchEntry" id="searchentry">
                    <signal name="search-changed" handler="search_text_changed"/>
                  </object>
                </child>
              </object>
            </child>
            <child>
              <object class="GtkBox" id="hbox">
                <child>
                  <object class="GtkRevealer" id="sidebar">
                    <property name="transition-type">slide-right</property>
                    <child>
                      <object class="GtkScrolledWindow" id="sidebar-sw">
                        <property name="hscrollbar-policy">never</property>
                        <child>
                          <object class="GtkListBox" id="words">
                            <property name="selection-mode">none</property>
                          </object>
                        </child>
                      </object>
                    </child>
                  </object>
                </child>
                <child>
                  <object class="GtkStack" id="stack">
                    <signal name="notify::visible-child" handler="visible_child_changed"/>
                  </object>
                </child>
              </object>
            </child>
          </object>
        </child>
      </template>
    </interface>

The code to populate the sidebar with buttons for the words found in each file is a little too involved to go into here. But we’ll look at the code to add a checkbutton for the new feature to the menu.

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <interface>
      <menu id="menu">
        <section>
          <item>
            <attribute name="label" translatable="yes">_Words</attribute>
            <attribute name="action">win.show-words</attribute>
          </item>
          <item>
            <attribute name="label" translatable="yes">_Preferences</attribute>
            <attribute name="action">app.preferences</attribute>
          </item>
        </section>
        <section>
          <item>
            <attribute name="label" translatable="yes">_Quit</attribute>
            <attribute name="action">app.quit</attribute>
          </item>
        </section>
      </menu>
    </interface>

To connect the menuitem to the show-words setting, we use a `GAction` corresponding to the given `GSettings` key.

    ...

    static void
    example_app_window_init (ExampleAppWindow *win)
    {

    ...

      builder = gtk_builder_new_from_resource ("/org/gtk/exampleapp/gears-menu.ui");
      menu = G_MENU_MODEL (gtk_builder_get_object (builder, "menu"));
      gtk_menu_button_set_menu_model (GTK_MENU_BUTTON (priv->gears), menu);
      g_object_unref (builder);

      action = g_settings_create_action (priv->settings, "show-words");
      g_action_map_add_action (G_ACTION_MAP (win), action);
      g_object_unref (action);
    }

    ...

(full source)

What our application looks like now:

### Properties

Widgets and other objects have many useful properties.

Here we show some ways to use them in new and flexible ways, by wrapping them in actions with `GPropertyAction` or by binding them with `GBinding`.

To set this up, we add two labels to the header bar in our window template, named `lines_label` and `lines`, and bind them to struct members in the private struct, as we’ve seen a couple of times by now.

We add a new “Lines” menu item to the gears menu, which triggers the show-lines action:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <interface>
      <menu id="menu">
        <section>
          <item>
            <attribute name="label" translatable="yes">_Words</attribute>
            <attribute name="action">win.show-words</attribute>
          </item>
          <item>
            <attribute name="label" translatable="yes">_Lines</attribute>
            <attribute name="action">win.show-lines</attribute>
          </item>
          <item>
            <attribute name="label" translatable="yes">_Preferences</attribute>
            <attribute name="action">app.preferences</attribute>
          </item>
        </section>
        <section>
          <item>
            <attribute name="label" translatable="yes">_Quit</attribute>
            <attribute name="action">app.quit</attribute>
          </item>
        </section>
      </menu>
    </interface>

To make this menu item do something, we create a property action for the visible property of the `lines` label, and add it to the actions of the window. The effect of this is that the visibility of the label gets toggled every time the action is activated.

Since we want both labels to appear and disappear together, we bind the visible property of the `lines_label` widget to the same property of the `lines` widget.

    ...

    static void
    example_app_window_init (ExampleAppWindow *win)
    {
      ...

      action = (GAction*) g_property_action_new ("show-lines", win->lines, "visible");
      g_action_map_add_action (G_ACTION_MAP (win), action);
      g_object_unref (action);

      g_object_bind_property (win->lines, "visible",
                              win->lines_label, "visible",
                              G_BINDING_DEFAULT);
    }

    ...

(full source)

We also need a function that counts the lines of the currently active tab, and updates the `lines` label. See the full source if you are interested in the details.

This brings our example application to this appearance: