# The GNU configure and build system

## 1 Introduction

This document describes the GNU configure and build systems. It describes how autoconf, automake, libtool, and make fit together. It also includes a discussion of the older Cygnus configure system.

This document does not describe in detail how to use each of the tools; see the respective manuals for that. Instead, it describes which files the developer must write, which files are machine generated and how they are generated, and where certain common problems should be addressed.

This document draws on several sources, including the autoconf manual by David MacKenzie, the automake manual by David MacKenzie and Tom Tromey, the libtool manual by Gordon Matzigkeit, and the Cygnus configure manual by K. Richard Pixley.

Next: Tools, Up: Introduction

### 1.1 Goals

The GNU configure and build system has two main goals.

The first is to simplify the development of portable programs. The system permits the developer to concentrate on writing the program, simplifying many details of portability across Unix and even Windows systems, and permitting the developer to describe how to build the program using simple rules rather than complex Makefiles.

The second is to simplify the building of programs distributed as source code. All programs are built using a simple, standardized, two step process. The program builder need not install any special tools in order to build the program.

Next: History, Previous: Goals, Up: Introduction

### 1.2 Tools

The GNU configure and build system is comprised of several different tools. Program developers must build and install all of these tools.

People who just want to build programs from distributed sources normally do not need any special tools beyond a Unix shell, a make program, and a C compiler.

autoconf
  provides a general portability framework, based on testing the features of the host system at build time.
automake
  a system for describing how to build a program, permitting the developer to write a simplified Makefile.
libtool
  a standardized approach to building shared libraries.
gettext
  provides a framework for translation of text messages into other languages; not really discussed in this document.
m4
  autoconf requires the GNU version of m4; the standard Unix m4 does not suffice.
perl
  automake requires perl.

Next: Building, Previous: Tools, Up: Introduction

### 1.3 History

This is a very brief and probably inaccurate history.

As the number of Unix variants increased during the 1980s, it became harder to write programs which could run on all variants. While it was often possible to use `#ifdef` to identify particular systems, developers frequently did not have access to every system, and the characteristics of some systems changed from version to version.

By 1992, at least three different approaches had been developed:

- The Metaconfig program, by Larry Wall, Harlan Stenn, and Raphael Manfredi.
- The Cygnus configure script, by K. Richard Pixley, and the gcc configure script, by Richard Stallman. These use essentially the same approach, and the developers communicated regularly.
- The autoconf program, by David MacKenzie.

The Metaconfig program is still used for Perl and a few other programs. It is part of the Dist package. I do not know if it is being developed.

In 1994, David MacKenzie and others modified autoconf to incorporate all the features of Cygnus configure. Since then, there has been a slow but steady conversion of GNU programs from Cygnus configure to autoconf. gcc has been converted, eliminating the gcc configure script.

GNU autoconf was regularly maintained until late 1996. As of this writing in June, 1998, it has no public maintainer.

Most programs are built using the make program, which requires the developer to write Makefiles describing how to build the programs. Since most programs are built in pretty much the same way, this led to a lot of duplication.

The X Window system is built using the imake tool, which uses a database of rules to eliminate the duplication. However, building a tool which was developed using imake requires that the builder have imake installed, violating one of the goals of the GNU system.

The new BSD make provides a standard library of Makefile fragments, which permits developers to write very simple Makefiles. However, this requires that the builder install the new BSD make program.

In 1994, David MacKenzie wrote the first version of automake, which permitted writing a simple build description which was converted into a Makefile which could be used by the standard make program. In 1995, Tom Tromey completely rewrote automake in Perl, and he continues to enhance it.

Various free packages built libraries, and by around 1995 several included support to build shared libraries on various platforms. However, there was no consistent approach. In early 1996, Gordon Matzigkeit began working on libtool, which provided a standardized approach to building shared libraries. This was integrated into automake from the start.

The development of automake and libtool was driven by the GNITS project, a group of GNU maintainers who designed standardized tools to help meet the GNU coding standards.

Previous: History, Up: Introduction

### 1.4 Building

Most readers of this document should already know how to build a tool by running configure and make. This section may serve as a quick introduction or reminder.

Building a tool is normally as simple as running configure followed by make. You should normally run configure from an empty directory, using some path to refer to the configure script in the source directory. The directory in which you run configure is called the object directory.

In order to use a object directory which is different from the source directory, you must be using the GNU version of make, which has the required VPATH support. Despite this restriction, using a different object directory is highly recommended:

- It keeps the files generated during the build from cluttering up your sources.
- It permits you to remove the built files by simply removing the entire build directory.
- It permits you to build from the same sources with several sets of configure options simultaneously.

If you don't have GNU make, you will have to run configure in the source directory. All GNU packages should support this; in particular, GNU packages should not assume the presence of GNU make.

After running configure, you can build the tools by running make.

To install the tools, run make install. Installing the tools will copy the programs and any required support files to the installation directory. The location of the installation directory is controlled by configure options, as described below.

In the Cygnus tree at present, the info files are built and installed as a separate step. To build them, run make info. To install them, run make install-info.

All configure scripts support a wide variety of options. The most interesting ones are --with and --enable options which are generally specific to particular tools. You can usually use the --help option to get a list of interesting options for a particular configure script.

The only generic options you are likely to use are the --prefix and --exec-prefix options. These options are used to specify the installation directory.

The directory named by the --prefix option will hold machine independent files such as info files.

The directory named by the --exec-prefix option, which is normally a subdirectory of the --prefix directory, will hold machine dependent files such as executables.

The default for --prefix is /usr/local. The default for --exec-prefix is the value used for --prefix.

The convention used in Cygnus releases is to use a --prefix option of /usr/cygnus/release, where release is the name of the release, and to use a --exec-prefix option of /usr/cygnus/release/H-host, where host is the configuration name of the host system (see Configuration Names).

Do not use either the source or the object directory as the installation directory. That will just lead to confusion.

## 2 Getting Started

To start using the GNU configure and build system with your software package, you must write three files, and you must run some tools to manually generate additional files.

Next: Write Makefile.am, Up: Getting Started

### 2.1 Write configure.in

You must first write the file configure.in. This is an autoconf input file, and the autoconf manual describes in detail what this file should look like.

You will write tests in your configure.in file to check for conditions that may change from one system to another, such as the presence of particular header files or functions.

For example, not all systems support the gettimeofday function. If you want to use the gettimeofday function when it is available, and to use some other function when it is not, you would check for this by putting AC_CHECK_FUNCS(gettimeofday) in configure.in.

When the configure script is run at build time, this will arrange to define the preprocessor macro HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY to the value 1 if the gettimeofday function is available, and to not define the macro at all if the function is not available. Your code can then use #ifdef to test whether it is safe to call gettimeofday.

If you have an existing body of code, the autoscan program may help identify potential portability problems, and hence configure tests that you will want to use. See the autoscan documentation.

Another handy tool for an existing body of code is ifnames. This will show you all the preprocessor conditionals that the code already uses. See the ifnames documentation.

Besides the portability tests which are specific to your particular package, every configure.in file should contain the following macros.

AC_INIT
  This macro takes a single argument, which is the name of a file in your package. For example, AC_INIT(foo.c).
AC_PREREQ(VERSION)
  This macro is optional. It may be used to indicate the version of autoconf that you are using. This will prevent users from running an earlier version of autoconf and perhaps getting an invalid configure script. For example, AC_PREREQ(2.12).
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
  This macro takes two arguments: the name of the package, and a version number. For example, AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE(foo, 1.0). (This macro is not needed if you are not using automake).
AM_CONFIG_HEADER
  This macro names the header file which will hold the preprocessor macro definitions at run time. Normally this should be config.h. Your sources would then use #include "config.h" to include it.

  This macro may optionally name the input file for that header file; by default, this is config.h.in, but that file name works poorly on DOS filesystems. Therefore, it is often better to name it explicitly as config.in.

  This is what you should normally put in configure.in:

                AM_CONFIG_HEADER(config.h:config.in)

  (If you are not using automake, use AC_CONFIG_HEADER rather than AM_CONFIG_HEADER).

AM_MAINTAINER_MODE
  This macro always appears in Cygnus configure scripts. Other programs may or may not use it.

  If this macro is used, the --enable-maintainer-mode option is required to enable automatic rebuilding of generated files used by the configure system. This of course requires that developers be aware of, and use, that option.

  If this macro is not used, then the generated files will always be rebuilt automatically. This will cause problems if the wrong versions of autoconf, automake, or others are in the builder's PATH.

  (If you are not using automake, you do not need to use this macro).

AC_EXEEXT
  Either this macro or AM_EXEEXT always appears in Cygnus configure files. Other programs may or may not use one of them.

  This macro looks for the executable suffix used on the host system. On Unix systems, this is the empty string. On Windows systems, this is .exe. This macro directs automake to use the executable suffix as appropriate when creating programs. This macro does not take any arguments.

  The AC_EXEEXT form is new, and is part of a Cygnus patch to autoconf to support compiling with Visual C++. Older programs use AM_EXEEXT instead.

  (Programs which do not use automake use neither AC_EXEEXT nor AM_EXEEXT).

AC_PROG_CC
  If you are writing C code, you will normally want to use this macro. It locates the C compiler to use. It does not take any arguments.

  However, if this configure.in file is for a library which is to be compiled by a cross compiler which may not fully work, then you will not want to use AC_PROG_CC. Instead, you will want to use a variant which does not call the macro AC_PROG_CC_WORKS. Examples can be found in various configure.in files for libraries that are compiled with cross compilers, such as libiberty or libgloss. This is essentially a bug in autoconf, and there will probably be a better workaround at some point.

AC_PROG_CXX
  If you are writing C++ code, you will want to use this macro. It locates the C++ compiler to use. It does not take any arguments. The same cross compiler comments apply as for AC_PROG_CC.
AM_PROG_LIBTOOL
  If you want to build libraries, and you want to permit them to be shared, or you want to link against libraries which were built using libtool, then you will need this macro. This macro is required in order to use libtool.

  By default, this will cause all libraries to be built as shared libraries. To prevent this–to change the default–use AM_DISABLE_SHARED before AM_PROG_LIBTOOL. The configure options --enable-shared and --disable-shared may be used to override the default at build time.

AC_DEFINE(_GNU_SOURCE)
  GNU packages should normally include this line before any other feature tests. This defines the macro _GNU_SOURCE when compiling, which directs the libc header files to provide the standard GNU system interfaces including all GNU extensions. If this macro is not defined, certain GNU extensions may not be available.
AC_OUTPUT
  This macro takes a list of file names which the configure process should produce. This is normally a list of one or more Makefile files in different directories. If your package lives entirely in a single directory, you would use simply AC_OUTPUT(Makefile). If you also have, for example, a lib subdirectory, you would use AC_OUTPUT(Makefile lib/Makefile).

If you want to use locally defined macros in your configure.in file, then you will need to write a acinclude.m4 file which defines them (if not using automake, this file is called aclocal.m4). Alternatively, you can put separate macros in an m4 subdirectory, and put ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4 in your Makefile.am file so that the aclocal program will be able to find them.

The different macro prefixes indicate which tool defines the macro. Macros which start with AC_ are part of autoconf. Macros which start with AM_ are provided by automake or libtool.

Next: Write acconfig.h, Previous: Write configure.in, Up: Getting Started

### 2.2 Write Makefile.am

You must write the file Makefile.am. This is an automake input file, and the automake manual describes in detail what this file should look like.

The automake commands in Makefile.am mostly look like variable assignments in a Makefile. automake recognizes special variable names, and automatically add make rules to the output as needed.

There will be one Makefile.am file for each directory in your package. For each directory with subdirectories, the Makefile.am file should contain the line

         SUBDIRS = dir dir ...

where each dir is the name of a subdirectory.

For each Makefile.am, there should be a corresponding Makefile in the AC_OUTPUT macro in configure.in.

Every Makefile.am written at Cygnus should contain the line

         AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = cygnus

This puts automake into Cygnus mode. See the automake manual for details.

You may to include the version number of automake that you are using on the AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS line. For example,

         AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = cygnus 1.3

This will prevent users from running an earlier version of automake and perhaps getting an invalid Makefile.in.

If your package builds a program, then in the directory where that program is built you will normally want a line like

         bin_PROGRAMS = program

where program is the name of the program. You will then want a line like

         program_SOURCES = file file ...

where each file is the name of a source file to link into the program (e.g., foo.c).

If your package builds a library, and you do not want the library to ever be built as a shared library, then in the directory where that library is built you will normally want a line like

         lib_LIBRARIES = libname.a

where lib name.a is the name of the library. You will then want a line like

         libname_a_SOURCES = file file ...

where each file is the name of a source file to add to the library.

If your package builds a library, and you want to permit building the library as a shared library, then in the directory where that library is built you will normally want a line like

         lib_LTLIBRARIES = libname.la

The use of LTLIBRARIES, and the .la extension, indicate a library to be built using libtool. As usual, you will then want a line like

         libname_la_SOURCES = file file ...

The strings bin and lib that appear above in bin_PROGRAMS and lib_LIBRARIES are not arbitrary. They refer to particular directories, which may be set by the --bindir and --libdir options to configure. If those options are not used, the default values are based on the --prefix or --exec-prefix options to configure. It is possible to use other names if the program or library should be installed in some other directory.

The Makefile.am file may also contain almost anything that may appear in a normal Makefile. automake also supports many other special variables, as well as conditionals.

See the automake manual for more information.

Next: Generate files, Previous: Write Makefile.am, Up: Getting Started

### 2.3 Write acconfig.h

If you are generating a portability header file, (i.e., you are using AM_CONFIG_HEADER in configure.in), then you will have to write a acconfig.h file. It will have to contain the following lines.

         /* Name of package.  */
         #undef PACKAGE

         /* Version of package.  */
         #undef VERSION

This requirement is really a bug in the system, and the requirement may be eliminated at some later date.

The acconfig.h file will also similar comment and #undef lines for any unusual macros in the configure.in file, including any macro which appears in a AC_DEFINE macro.

In particular, if you are writing a GNU package and therefore include AC_DEFINE(_GNU_SOURCE) in configure.in as suggested above, you will need lines like this in acconfig.h:

         /* Enable GNU extensions.  */
         #undef _GNU_SOURCE

Normally the autoheader program will inform you of any such requirements by printing an error message when it is run. However, if you do anything particular odd in your configure.in file, you will have to make sure that the right entries appear in acconfig.h, since otherwise the results of the tests may not be available in the config.h file which your code will use.

(Thee PACKAGE and VERSION lines are not required if you are not using automake, and in that case you may not need a acconfig.h file at all).

Next: Getting Started Example, Previous: Write acconfig.h, Up: Getting Started

### 2.4 Generate files

Once you have written configure.in, Makefile.am, acconfig.h, and possibly acinclude.m4, you must use autoconf and automake programs to produce the first versions of the generated files. This is done by executing the following sequence of commands.

         aclocal
         autoconf
         autoheader
         automake

The aclocal and automake commands are part of the automake package, and the autoconf and autoheader commands are part of the autoconf package.

If you are using a m4 subdirectory for your macros, you will need to use the -I m4 option when you run aclocal.

If you are not using the Cygnus tree, use the -a option when running automake command in order to copy the required support files into your source directory.

If you are using libtool, you must build and install the libtool package with the same --prefix and --exec-prefix options as you used with the autoconf and automake packages. You must do this before running any of the above commands. If you are not using the Cygnus tree, you will need to run the libtoolize program to copy the libtool support files into your directory.

Once you have managed to run these commands without getting any errors, you should create a new empty directory, and run the configure script which will have been created by autoconf with the --enable-maintainer-mode option. This will give you a set of Makefiles which will include rules to automatically rebuild all the generated files.

After doing that, whenever you have changed some of the input files and want to regenerated the other files, go to your object directory and run make. Doing this is more reliable than trying to rebuild the files manually, because there are complex order dependencies and it is easy to forget something.

Previous: Generate files, Up: Getting Started

### 2.5 Example

Let's consider a trivial example.

Suppose we want to write a simple version of touch. Our program, which we will call poke, will take a single file name argument, and use the utime system call to set the modification and access times of the file to the current time. We want this program to be highly portable.

We'll first see what this looks like without using autoconf and automake, and then see what it looks like with them.

Next: Getting Started Example 2, Up: Getting Started Example

#### 2.5.1 First Try

Here is our first try at poke.c. Note that we've written it without ANSI/ISO C prototypes, since we want it to be highly portable.

         #include <stdio.h>
         #include <stdlib.h>
         #include <sys/types.h>
         #include <utime.h>

         int
         main (argc, argv)
              int argc;
              char **argv;
         {
           if (argc != 2)
             {
               fprintf (stderr, "Usage: poke file\n");
               exit (1);
             }

           if (utime (argv[1], NULL) < 0)
             {
               perror ("utime");
               exit (1);
             }

           exit (0);
         }

We also write a simple Makefile.

         CC = gcc
         CFLAGS = -g -O2

         all: poke

         poke: poke.o
         	$(CC) -o poke $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) poke.o

So far, so good.

Unfortunately, there are a few problems.

On older Unix systems derived from BSD 4.3, the utime system call does not accept a second argument of NULL. On those systems, we need to pass a pointer to struct utimbuf structure. Unfortunately, even older systems don't define that structure; on those systems, we need to pass an array of two long values.

The header file stdlib.h was invented by ANSI C, and older systems don't have a copy. We included it above to get a declaration of exit.

We can find some of these portability problems by running autoscan, which will create a configure.scan file which we can use as a prototype for our configure.in file. I won't show the output, but it will notice the potential problems with utime and stdlib.h.

In our Makefile, we don't provide any way to install the program. This doesn't matter much for such a simple example, but a real program will need an install target. For that matter, we will also want a clean target.

Next: Getting Started Example 3, Previous: Getting Started Example 1, Up: Getting Started Example

#### 2.5.2 Second Try

Here is our second try at this program.

We modify poke.c to use preprocessor macros to control what features are available. (I've cheated a bit by using the same macro names which autoconf will use).

         #include <stdio.h>

         #ifdef STDC_HEADERS
         #include <stdlib.h>
         #endif

         #include <sys/types.h>

         #ifdef HAVE_UTIME_H
         #include <utime.h>
         #endif

         #ifndef HAVE_UTIME_NULL

         #include <time.h>

         #ifndef HAVE_STRUCT_UTIMBUF

         struct utimbuf
         {
           long actime;
           long modtime;
         };

         #endif

         static int
         utime_now (file)
              char *file;
         {
           struct utimbuf now;

           now.actime = now.modtime = time (NULL);
           return utime (file, &now);
         }

         #define utime(f, p) utime_now (f)

         #endif /* HAVE_UTIME_NULL  */

         int
         main (argc, argv)
              int argc;
              char **argv;
         {
           if (argc != 2)
             {
               fprintf (stderr, "Usage: poke file\n");
               exit (1);
             }

           if (utime (argv[1], NULL) < 0)
             {
               perror ("utime");
               exit (1);
             }

           exit (0);
         }

Here is the associated Makefile. We've added support for the preprocessor flags we use. We've also added install and clean targets.

         # Set this to your installation directory.
         bindir = /usr/local/bin

         # Uncomment this if you have the standard ANSI/ISO C header files.
         # STDC_HDRS = -DSTDC_HEADERS

         # Uncomment this if you have utime.h.
         # UTIME_H = -DHAVE_UTIME_H

         # Uncomment this if utime (FILE, NULL) works on your system.
         # UTIME_NULL = -DHAVE_UTIME_NULL

         # Uncomment this if struct utimbuf is defined in utime.h.
         # UTIMBUF = -DHAVE_STRUCT_UTIMBUF

         CC = gcc
         CFLAGS = -g -O2

         ALL_CFLAGS = $(STDC_HDRS) $(UTIME_H) $(UTIME_NULL) $(UTIMBUF) $(CFLAGS)

         all: poke

         poke: poke.o
         	$(CC) -o poke $(ALL_CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) poke.o

         .c.o:
         	$(CC) -c $(ALL_CFLAGS) poke.c

         install: poke
         	cp poke $(bindir)/poke

         clean:
         	rm poke poke.o

Some problems with this approach should be clear.

Users who want to compile poke will have to know how utime works on their systems, so that they can uncomment the Makefile correctly.

The installation is done using cp, but many systems have an install program which may be used, and which supports optional features such as stripping debugging information out of the installed binary.

The use of Makefile variables like CC, CFLAGS and LDFLAGS follows the requirements of the GNU standards. This is convenient for all packages, since it reduces surprises for users. However, it is easy to get the details wrong, and wind up with a slightly nonstandard distribution.

Next: Generate Files in Example, Previous: Getting Started Example 2, Up: Getting Started Example

#### 2.5.3 Third Try

For our third try at this program, we will write a configure.in script to discover the configuration features on the host system, rather than requiring the user to edit the Makefile. We will also write a Makefile.am rather than a Makefile.

The only change to poke.c is to add a line at the start of the file:

         #include "config.h"

The new configure.in file is as follows.

         AC_INIT(poke.c)
         AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE(poke, 1.0)
         AM_CONFIG_HEADER(config.h:config.in)
         AC_PROG_CC
         AC_HEADER_STDC
         AC_CHECK_HEADERS(utime.h)
         AC_EGREP_HEADER(utimbuf, utime.h, AC_DEFINE(HAVE_STRUCT_UTIMBUF))
         AC_FUNC_UTIME_NULL
         AC_OUTPUT(Makefile)

The first four macros in this file, and the last one, were described above; see Write configure.in. If we omit these macros, then when we run automake we will get a reminder that we need them.

The other macros are standard autoconf macros.

AC_HEADER_STDC
  Check for standard C headers.
AC_CHECK_HEADERS
  Check whether a particular header file exists.
AC_EGREP_HEADER
  Check for a particular string in a particular header file, in this case checking for utimbuf in utime.h.
AC_FUNC_UTIME_NULL
  Check whether utime accepts a NULL second argument to set the file change time to the current time.

See the autoconf manual for a more complete description.

The new Makefile.am file is as follows. Note how simple this is compared to our earlier Makefile.

         bin_PROGRAMS = poke

         poke_SOURCES = poke.c

This means that we should build a single program name poke. It should be installed in the binary directory, which we called bindir earlier. The program poke is built from the source file poke.c.

We must also write a acconfig.h file. Besides PACKAGE and VERSION, which must be mentioned for all packages which use automake, we must include HAVE_STRUCT_UTIMBUF, since we mentioned it in an AC_DEFINE.

         /* Name of package.  */
         #undef PACKAGE

         /* Version of package.  */
         #undef VERSION

         /* Whether utime.h defines struct utimbuf.  */
         #undef HAVE_STRUCT_UTIMBUF

Previous: Getting Started Example 3, Up: Getting Started Example

#### 2.5.4 Generate Files

We must now generate the other files, using the following commands.

         aclocal
         autoconf
         autoheader
         automake

When we run autoheader, it will remind us of any macros we forgot to add to acconfig.h.

When we run automake, it will want to add some files to our distribution. It will add them automatically if we use the --add-missing option.

By default, automake will run in GNU mode, which means that it will want us to create certain additional files; as of this writing, it will want NEWS, README, AUTHORS, and ChangeLog, all of which are files which should appear in a standard GNU distribution. We can either add those files, or run automake with the --foreign option.

Running these tools will generate the following files, all of which are described in the next chapter.

- aclocal.m4
- configure
- config.in
- Makefile.in
- stamp-h.in

## 3 Files

As was seen in the previous chapter, the GNU configure and build system uses a number of different files. The developer must write a few files. The others are generated by various tools.

The system is rather flexible, and can be used in many different ways. In describing the files that it uses, I will describe the common case, and mention some other cases that may arise.

Next: Build Files, Up: Files

### 3.1 Developer Files

This section describes the files written or generated by the developer of a package.

Next: Written Developer Files, Up: Developer Files

#### 3.1.1 Developer Files Picture

Here is a picture of the files which are written by the developer, the generated files which would be included with a complete source distribution, and the tools which create those files. The file names are in rectangles with square corners and the tool names are in rectangles with rounded corners (e.g., autoheader is the name of a tool, not the name of a file).

Next: Generated Developer Files, Previous: Developer Files Picture, Up: Developer Files

#### 3.1.2 Written Developer Files

The following files would be written by the developer.

configure.in
  This is the configuration script. This script contains invocations of autoconf macros. It may also contain ordinary shell script code. This file will contain feature tests for portability issues. The last thing in the file will normally be an AC_OUTPUT macro listing which files to create when the builder runs the configure script. This file is always required when using the GNU configure system. See Write configure.in.
Makefile.am
  This is the automake input file. It describes how the code should be built. It consists of definitions of automake variables. It may also contain ordinary Makefile targets. This file is only needed when using automake (newer tools normally use automake, but there are still older tools which have not been converted, in which the developer writes Makefile.in directly). See Write Makefile.am.
acconfig.h
  When the configure script creates a portability header file, by using AM_CONFIG_HEADER (or, if not using automake, AC_CONFIG_HEADER), this file is used to describe macros which are not recognized by the autoheader command. This is normally a fairly uninteresting file, consisting of a collection of #undef lines with comments. Normally any call to AC_DEFINE in configure.in will require a line in this file. See Write acconfig.h.
acinclude.m4
  This file is not always required. It defines local autoconf macros. These macros may then be used in configure.in. If you don't need any local autoconf macros, then you don't need this file at all. In fact, in general, you never need local autoconf macros, since you can put everything in configure.in, but sometimes a local macro is convenient.

  Newer tools may omit acinclude.m4, and instead use a subdirectory, typically named m4, and define ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4 in Makefile.am to force aclocal to look there for macro definitions. The macro definitions are then placed in separate files in that directory.

  The acinclude.m4 file is only used when using automake; in older tools, the developer writes aclocal.m4 directly, if it is needed.

Previous: Written Developer Files, Up: Developer Files

#### 3.1.3 Generated Developer Files

The following files would be generated by the developer.

When using automake, these files are normally not generated manually after the first time. Instead, the generated Makefile contains rules to automatically rebuild the files as required. When AM_MAINTAINER_MODE is used in configure.in (the normal case in Cygnus code), the automatic rebuilding rules will only be defined if you configure using the --enable-maintainer-mode option.

When using automatic rebuilding, it is important to ensure that all the various tools have been built and installed on your PATH. Using automatic rebuilding is highly recommended, so much so that I'm not going to explain what you have to do if you don't use it.

configure
  This is the configure script which will be run when building the package. This is generated by autoconf from configure.in and aclocal.m4. This is a shell script.
Makefile.in
  This is the file which the configure script will turn into the Makefile at build time. This file is generated by automake from Makefile.am. If you aren't using automake, you must write this file yourself. This file is pretty much a normal Makefile, with some configure substitutions for certain variables.
aclocal.m4
  This file is created by the aclocal program, based on the contents of configure.in and acinclude.m4 (or, as noted in the description of acinclude.m4 above, on the contents of an m4 subdirectory). This file contains definitions of autoconf macros which autoconf will use when generating the file configure. These autoconf macros may be defined by you in acinclude.m4 or they may be defined by other packages such as automake, libtool or gettext. If you aren't using automake, you will normally write this file yourself; in that case, if configure.in uses only standard autoconf macros, this file will not be needed at all.
config.in
  This file is created by autoheader based on acconfig.h and configure.in. At build time, the configure script will define some of the macros in it to create config.h, which may then be included by your program. This permits your C code to use preprocessor conditionals to change its behaviour based on the characteristics of the host system. This file may also be called config.h.in.
stamp.h-in
  This rather uninteresting file, which I omitted from the picture, is generated by automake. It always contains the string timestamp. It is used as a timestamp file indicating whether config.in is up to date. Using a timestamp file means that config.in can be marked as up to date without actually changing its modification time. This is useful since config.in depends upon configure.in, but it is easy to change configure.in in a way which does not affect config.in.

Next: Support Files, Previous: Developer Files, Up: Files

### 3.2 Build Files

This section describes the files which are created at configure and build time. These are the files which somebody who builds the package will see.

Of course, the developer will also build the package. The distinction between developer files and build files is not that the developer does not see the build files, but that somebody who only builds the package does not have to worry about the developer files.

Next: Build Files Description, Up: Build Files

#### 3.2.1 Build Files Picture

Here is a picture of the files which will be created at build time. config.status is both a created file and a shell script which is run to create other files, and the picture attempts to show that.

Previous: Build Files Picture, Up: Build Files

#### 3.2.2 Build Files Description

This is a description of the files which are created at build time.

config.status
  The first step in building a package is to run the configure script. The configure script will create the file config.status, which is itself a shell script. When you first run configure, it will automatically run config.status. An Makefile derived from an automake generated Makefile.in will contain rules to automatically run config.status again when necessary to recreate certain files if their inputs change.
Makefile
  This is the file which make will read to build the program. The config.status script will transform Makefile.in into Makefile.
config.h
  This file defines C preprocessor macros which C code can use to adjust its behaviour on different systems. The config.status script will transform config.in into config.h.
config.cache
  This file did not fit neatly into the picture, and I omitted it. It is used by the configure script to cache results between runs. This can be an important speedup. If you modify configure.in in such a way that the results of old tests should change (perhaps you have added a new library to LDFLAGS), then you will have to remove config.cache to force the tests to be rerun.

  The autoconf manual explains how to set up a site specific cache file. This can speed up running configure scripts on your system.

stamp.h
  This file, which I omitted from the picture, is similar to stamp-h.in. It is used as a timestamp file indicating whether config.h is up to date. This is useful since config.h depends upon config.status, but it is easy for config.status to change in a way which does not affect config.h.

Previous: Build Files, Up: Files

### 3.3 Support Files

The GNU configure and build system requires several support files to be included with your distribution. You do not normally need to concern yourself with these. If you are using the Cygnus tree, most are already present. Otherwise, they will be installed with your source by automake (with the --add-missing option) and libtoolize.

You don't have to put the support files in the top level directory. You can put them in a subdirectory, and use the AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR macro in configure.in to tell automake and the configure script where they are.

In this section, I describe the support files, so that you can know what they are and why they are there.

ABOUT-NLS
  Added by automake if you are using gettext. This is a documentation file about the gettext project.
ansi2knr.c
  Used by an automake generated Makefile if you put ansi2knr in AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS in Makefile.am. This permits compiling ANSI C code with a K&R C compiler.
ansi2knr.1
  The man page which goes with ansi2knr.c.
config.guess
  A shell script which determines the configuration name for the system on which it is run.
config.sub
  A shell script which canonicalizes a configuration name entered by a user.
elisp-comp
  Used to compile Emacs LISP files.
install-sh
  A shell script which installs a program. This is used if the configure script can not find an install binary.
ltconfig
  Used by libtool. This is a shell script which configures libtool for the particular system on which it is used.
ltmain.sh
  Used by libtool. This is the actual libtool script which is used, after it is configured by ltconfig to build a library.
mdate-sh
  A shell script used by an automake generated Makefile to pretty print the modification time of a file. This is used to maintain version numbers for texinfo files.
missing
  A shell script used if some tool is missing entirely. This is used by an automake generated Makefile to avoid certain sorts of timestamp problems.
mkinstalldirs
  A shell script which creates a directory, including all parent directories. This is used by an automake generated Makefile during installation.
texinfo.tex
  Required if you have any texinfo files. This is used when converting Texinfo files into DVI using texi2dvi and TeX.
ylwrap
  A shell script used by an automake generated Makefile to run programs like bison, yacc, flex, and lex. These programs default to producing output files with a fixed name, and the ylwrap script runs them in a subdirectory to avoid file name conflicts when using a parallel make program.

## 4 Configuration Names

The GNU configure system names all systems using a configuration name. All such names used to be triplets (they may now contain four parts in certain cases), and the term configuration triplet is still seen.

Next: Using Configuration Names, Up: Configuration Names

### 4.1 Configuration Name Definition

This is a string of the form cpu-manufacturer-operating_system. In some cases, this is extended to a four part form: cpu-manufacturer-kernel-operating_system.

When using a configuration name in a configure option, it is normally not necessary to specify an entire name. In particular, the manufacturer field is often omitted, leading to strings such as i386-linux or sparc-sunos. The shell script config.sub will translate these shortened strings into the canonical form. autoconf will arrange for config.sub to be run automatically when it is needed.

The fields of a configuration name are as follows:

cpu
  The type of processor. This is typically something like i386 or sparc. More specific variants are used as well, such as mipsel to indicate a little endian MIPS processor.
manufacturer
  A somewhat freeform field which indicates the manufacturer of the system. This is often simply unknown. Other common strings are pc for an IBM PC compatible system, or the name of a workstation vendor, such as sun.
operating_system
  The name of the operating system which is run on the system. This will be something like solaris2.5 or irix6.3. There is no particular restriction on the version number, and strings like aix4.1.4.0 are seen. For an embedded system, which has no operating system, this field normally indicates the type of object file format, such as elf or coff.
kernel
  This is used mainly for GNU/Linux. A typical GNU/Linux configuration name is i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1. In this case the kernel, linux, is separated from the operating system, gnulibc1.

The shell script config.guess will normally print the correct configuration name for the system on which it is run. It does by running uname and by examining other characteristics of the system.

Because config.guess can normally determine the configuration name for a machine, it is normally only necessary to specify a configuration name when building a cross-compiler or when building using a cross-compiler.

Previous: Configuration Name Definition, Up: Configuration Names

### 4.2 Using Configuration Names

A configure script will sometimes have to make a decision based on a configuration name. You will need to do this if you have to compile code differently based on something which can not be tested using a standard autoconf feature test.

It is normally better to test for particular features, rather than to test for a particular system. This is because as Unix evolves, different systems copy features from one another. Even if you need to determine whether the feature is supported based on a configuration name, you should define a macro which describes the feature, rather than defining a macro which describes the particular system you are on.

Testing for a particular system is normally done using a case statement in configure.in. The case statement might look something like the following, assuming that host is a shell variable holding a canonical configuration name (which will be the case if configure.in uses the AC_CANONICAL_HOST or AC_CANONICAL_SYSTEM macro).

         case "${host}" in
         i[3-7]86-*-linux-gnu*) do something ;;
         sparc*-sun-solaris2.[56789]*) do something ;;
         sparc*-sun-solaris*) do something ;;
         mips*-*-elf*) do something ;;
         esac

It is particularly important to use * after the operating system field, in order to match the version number which will be generated by config.guess.

In most cases you must be careful to match a range of processor types. For most processor families, a trailing * suffices, as in mips* above. For the i386 family, something along the lines of i[3-7]86 suffices at present. For the m68k family, you will need something like m68*. Of course, if you do not need to match on the processor, it is simpler to just replace the entire field by a *, as in *-*-irix*.

## 5 Cross Compilation Tools

The GNU configure and build system can be used to build cross compilation tools. A cross compilation tool is a tool which runs on one system and produces code which runs on another system.

Next: Host and Target, Up: Cross Compilation Tools

### 5.1 Cross Compilation Concepts

A compiler which produces programs which run on a different system is a cross compilation compiler, or simply a cross compiler. Similarly, we speak of cross assemblers, cross linkers, etc.

In the normal case, a compiler produces code which runs on the same system as the one on which the compiler runs. When it is necessary to distinguish this case from the cross compilation case, such a compiler is called a native compiler. Similarly, we speak of native assemblers, etc.

Although the debugger is not strictly speaking a compilation tool, it is nevertheless meaningful to speak of a cross debugger: a debugger which is used to debug code which runs on another system. Everything that is said below about configuring cross compilation tools applies to the debugger as well.

Next: Using the Host Type, Previous: Cross Compilation Concepts, Up: Cross Compilation Tools

### 5.2 Host and Target

When building cross compilation tools, there are two different systems involved: the system on which the tools will run, and the system for which the tools generate code.

The system on which the tools will run is called the host system.

The system for which the tools generate code is called the target system.

For example, suppose you have a compiler which runs on a GNU/Linux system and generates ELF programs for a MIPS embedded system. In this case the GNU/Linux system is the host, and the MIPS ELF system is the target. Such a compiler could be called a GNU/Linux cross MIPS ELF compiler, or, equivalently, a i386-linux-gnu cross mips-elf compiler.

Naturally, most programs are not cross compilation tools. For those programs, it does not make sense to speak of a target. It only makes sense to speak of a target for tools like gcc or the binutils which actually produce running code. For example, it does not make sense to speak of the target of a tool like bison or make.

Most cross compilation tools can also serve as native tools. For a native compilation tool, it is still meaningful to speak of a target. For a native tool, the target is the same as the host. For example, for a GNU/Linux native compiler, the host is GNU/Linux, and the target is also GNU/Linux.

Next: Specifying the Target, Previous: Host and Target, Up: Cross Compilation Tools

### 5.3 Using the Host Type

In almost all cases the host system is the system on which you run the configure script, and on which you build the tools (for the case when they differ, see Canadian Cross).

If your configure script needs to know the configuration name of the host system, and the package is not a cross compilation tool and therefore does not have a target, put AC_CANONICAL_HOST in configure.in. This macro will arrange to define a few shell variables when the configure script is run.

host
  The canonical configuration name of the host. This will normally be determined by running the config.guess shell script, although the user is permitted to override this by using an explicit --host option.
host_alias
  In the unusual case that the user used an explicit --host option, this will be the argument to --host. In the normal case, this will be the same as the host variable.
host_cpu
host_vendor
host_os
  The first three parts of the canonical configuration name.

The shell variables may be used by putting shell code in configure.in. For an example, see Using Configuration Names.

Next: Using the Target Type, Previous: Using the Host Type, Up: Cross Compilation Tools

### 5.4 Specifying the Target

By default, the configure script will assume that the target is the same as the host. This is the more common case; for example, it leads to a native compiler rather than a cross compiler.

If you want to build a cross compilation tool, you must specify the target explicitly by using the --target option when you run configure. The argument to --target is the configuration name of the system for which you wish to generate code. See Configuration Names.

For example, to build tools which generate code for a MIPS ELF embedded system, you would use --target mips-elf.

Next: Cross Tools in the Cygnus Tree, Previous: Specifying the Target, Up: Cross Compilation Tools

### 5.5 Using the Target Type

When writing configure.in for a cross compilation tool, you will need to use information about the target. To do this, put AC_CANONICAL_SYSTEM in configure.in.

AC_CANONICAL_SYSTEM will look for a --target option and canonicalize it using the config.sub shell script. It will also run AC_CANONICAL_HOST (see Using the Host Type).

The target type will be recorded in the following shell variables. Note that the host versions of these variables will also be defined by AC_CANONICAL_HOST.

target
  The canonical configuration name of the target.
target_alias
  The argument to the --target option. If the user did not specify a --target option, this will be the same as host_alias.
target_cpu
target_vendor
target_os
  The first three parts of the canonical target configuration name.

Note that if host and target are the same string, you can assume a native configuration. If they are different, you can assume a cross configuration.

It is arguably possible for host and target to represent the same system, but for the strings to not be identical. For example, if config.guess returns sparc-sun-sunos4.1.4, and somebody configures with --target sparc-sun-sunos4.1, then the slight differences between the two versions of SunOS may be unimportant for your tool. However, in the general case it can be quite difficult to determine whether the differences between two configuration names are significant or not. Therefore, by convention, if the user specifies a --target option without specifying a --host option, it is assumed that the user wants to configure a cross compilation tool.

The variables target and target_alias should be handled differently.

In general, whenever the user may actually see a string, target_alias should be used. This includes anything which may appear in the file system, such as a directory name or part of a tool name. It also includes any tool output, unless it is clearly labelled as the canonical target configuration name. This permits the user to use the --target option to specify how the tool will appear to the outside world.

On the other hand, when checking for characteristics of the target system, target should be used. This is because a wide variety of --target options may map into the same canonical configuration name. You should not attempt to duplicate the canonicalization done by config.sub in your own code.

By convention, cross tools are installed with a prefix of the argument used with the --target option, also known as target_alias (see Using the Target Type). If the user does not use the --target option, and thus is building a native tool, no prefix is used.

For example, if gcc is configured with --target mips-elf, then the installed binary will be named mips-elf-gcc. If gcc is configured without a --target option, then the installed binary will be named gcc.

The autoconf macro AC_ARG_PROGRAM will handle this for you. If you are using automake, no more need be done; the programs will automatically be installed with the correct prefixes. Otherwise, see the autoconf documentation for AC_ARG_PROGRAM.

Previous: Using the Target Type, Up: Cross Compilation Tools

### 5.6 Cross Tools in the Cygnus Tree

The Cygnus tree is used for various packages including gdb, the GNU binutils, and egcs. It is also, of course, used for Cygnus releases.

In the Cygnus tree, the top level configure script uses the old Cygnus configure system, not autoconf. The top level Makefile.in is written to build packages based on what is in the source tree, and supports building a large number of tools in a single configure/make step.

The Cygnus tree may be configured with a --target option. The --target option applies recursively to every subdirectory, and permits building an entire set of cross tools at once.

Next: Target Library Configure Scripts, Up: Cross Tools in the Cygnus Tree

#### 5.6.1 Host and Target Libraries

The Cygnus tree distinguishes host libraries from target libraries.

Host libraries are built with the compiler used to build the programs which run on the host, which is called the host compiler. This includes libraries such as bfd and tcl. These libraries are built with the host compiler, and are linked into programs like the binutils or gcc which run on the host.

Target libraries are built with the target compiler. If gcc is present in the source tree, then the target compiler is the gcc that is built using the host compiler. Target libraries are libraries such as newlib and libstdc++. These libraries are not linked into the host programs, but are instead made available for use with programs built with the target compiler.

For the rest of this section, assume that gcc is present in the source tree, so that it will be used to build the target libraries.

There is a complication here. The configure process needs to know which compiler you are going to use to build a tool; otherwise, the feature tests will not work correctly. The Cygnus tree handles this by not configuring the target libraries until the target compiler is built. In order to permit everything to build using a single configure/make, the configuration of the target libraries is actually triggered during the make step.

When the target libraries are configured, the --target option is not used. Instead, the --host option is used with the argument of the --target option for the overall configuration. If no --target option was used for the overall configuration, the --host option will be passed with the output of the config.guess shell script. Any --build option is passed down unchanged.

This translation of configuration options is done because since the target libraries are compiled with the target compiler, they are being built in order to run on the target of the overall configuration. By the definition of host, this means that their host system is the same as the target system of the overall configuration.

The same process is used for both a native configuration and a cross configuration. Even when using a native configuration, the target libraries will be configured and built using the newly built compiler. This is particularly important for the C++ libraries, since there is no reason to assume that the C++ compiler used to build the host tools (if there even is one) uses the same ABI as the g++ compiler which will be used to build the target libraries.

There is one difference between a native configuration and a cross configuration. In a native configuration, the target libraries are normally configured and built as siblings of the host tools. In a cross configuration, the target libraries are normally built in a subdirectory whose name is the argument to --target. This is mainly for historical reasons.

To summarize, running configure in the Cygnus tree configures all the host libraries and tools, but does not configure any of the target libraries. Running make then does the following steps:

- Build the host libraries.
- Build the host programs, including gcc. Note that we call gcc both a host program (since it runs on the host) and a target compiler (since it generates code for the target).
- Using the newly built target compiler, configure the target libraries.
- Build the target libraries.

The steps need not be done in precisely this order, since they are actually controlled by Makefile targets.

Next: Make Targets in Cygnus Tree, Previous: Host and Target Libraries, Up: Cross Tools in the Cygnus Tree

#### 5.6.2 Target Library Configure Scripts

There are a few things you must know in order to write a configure script for a target library. This is just a quick sketch, and beginners shouldn't worry if they don't follow everything here.

The target libraries are configured and built using a newly built target compiler. There may not be any startup files or libraries for this target compiler. In fact, those files will probably be built as part of some target library, which naturally means that they will not exist when your target library is configured.

This means that the configure script for a target library may not use any test which requires doing a link. This unfortunately includes many useful autoconf macros, such as AC_CHECK_FUNCS. autoconf macros which do a compile but not a link, such as AC_CHECK_HEADERS, may be used.

This is a severe restriction, but normally not a fatal one, as target libraries can often assume the presence of other target libraries, and thus know which functions will be available.

As of this writing, the autoconf macro AC_PROG_CC does a link to make sure that the compiler works. This may fail in a target library, so target libraries must use a different set of macros to locate the compiler. See the configure.in file in a directory like libiberty or libgloss for an example.

As noted in the previous section, target libraries are sometimes built in directories which are siblings to the host tools, and are sometimes built in a subdirectory. The --with-target-subdir configure option will be passed when the library is configured. Its value will be an empty string if the target library is a sibling. Its value will be the name of the subdirectory if the target library is in a subdirectory.

If the overall build is not a native build (i.e., the overall configure used the --target option), then the library will be configured with the --with-cross-host option. The value of this option will be the host system of the overall build. Recall that the host system of the library will be the target of the overall build. If the overall build is a native build, the --with-cross-host option will not be used.

A library which can be built both standalone and as a target library may want to install itself into different directories depending upon the case. When built standalone, or when built native, the library should be installed in $(libdir). When built as a target library which is not native, the library should be installed in $(tooldir)/lib. The --with-cross-host option may be used to distinguish these cases.

This same test of --with-cross-host may be used to see whether it is OK to use link tests in the configure script. If the --with-cross-host option is not used, then the library is being built either standalone or native, and a link should work.

Next: Target libiberty, Previous: Target Library Configure Scripts, Up: Cross Tools in the Cygnus Tree

#### 5.6.3 Make Targets in Cygnus Tree

The top level Makefile in the Cygnus tree defines targets for every known subdirectory.

For every subdirectory dir which holds a host library or program, the Makefile target all-dir will build that library or program.

There are dependencies among host tools. For example, building gcc requires first building gas, because the gcc build process invokes the target assembler. These dependencies are reflected in the top level Makefile.

For every subdirectory dir which holds a target library, the Makefile target configure-target-dir will configure that library. The Makefile target all-target-dir will build that library.

Every configure-target-dir target depends upon all-gcc, since gcc, the target compiler, is required to configure the tool. Every all-target-dir target depends upon the corresponding configure-target-dir target.

There are several other targets which may be of interest for each directory: install-dir, clean-dir, and check-dir. There are also corresponding target versions of these for the target libraries , such as install-target-dir.

Previous: Make Targets in Cygnus Tree, Up: Cross Tools in the Cygnus Tree

#### 5.6.4 Target libiberty

The libiberty subdirectory is currently a special case, in that it is the only directory which is built both using the host compiler and using the target compiler.

This is because the files in libiberty are used when building the host tools, and they are also incorporated into the libstdc++ target library as support code.

This duality does not pose any particular difficulties. It means that there are targets for both all-libiberty and all-target-libiberty.

In a native configuration, when target libraries are not built in a subdirectory, the same objects are normally used as both the host build and the target build. This is normally OK, since libiberty contains only C code, and in a native configuration the results of the host compiler and the target compiler are normally interoperable.

Irix 6 is again an exception here, since the SGI native compiler defaults to using the O32 ABI, and gcc defaults to using the N32 ABI. On Irix 6, the target libraries are built in a subdirectory even for a native configuration, avoiding this problem.

There are currently no other libraries built for both the host and the target, but there is no conceptual problem with adding more.

## 6 Canadian Cross

It is possible to use the GNU configure and build system to build a program which will run on a system which is different from the system on which the tools are built. In other words, it is possible to build programs using a cross compiler.

This is referred to as a Canadian Cross.

Next: Canadian Cross Concepts, Up: Canadian Cross

### 6.1 Canadian Cross Example

Here is an example of a Canadian Cross.

While running on a GNU/Linux, you can build a program which will run on a Solaris system. You would use a GNU/Linux cross Solaris compiler to build the program.

Of course, you could not run the resulting program on your GNU/Linux system. You would have to copy it over to a Solaris system before you would run it.

Of course, you could also simply build the programs on the Solaris system in the first place. However, perhaps the Solaris system is not available for some reason; perhaps you actually don't have one, but you want to build the tools for somebody else to use. Or perhaps your GNU/Linux system is much faster than your Solaris system.

A Canadian Cross build is most frequently used when building programs to run on a non-Unix system, such as DOS or Windows. It may be simpler to configure and build on a Unix system than to support the configuration machinery on a non-Unix system.

Next: Build Cross Host Tools, Previous: Canadian Cross Example, Up: Canadian Cross

### 6.2 Canadian Cross Concepts

When building a Canadian Cross, there are at least two different systems involved: the system on which the tools are being built, and the system on which the tools will run.

The system on which the tools are being built is called the build system.

The system on which the tools will run is called the host system.

For example, if you are building a Solaris program on a GNU/Linux system, as in the previous section, the build system would be GNU/Linux, and the host system would be Solaris.

It is, of course, possible to build a cross compiler using a Canadian Cross (i.e., build a cross compiler using a cross compiler). In this case, the system for which the resulting cross compiler generates code is called the target system. (For a more complete discussion of host and target systems, see Host and Target).

An example of building a cross compiler using a Canadian Cross would be building a Windows cross MIPS ELF compiler on a GNU/Linux system. In this case the build system would be GNU/Linux, the host system would be Windows, and the target system would be MIPS ELF.

The name Canadian Cross comes from the case when the build, host, and target systems are all different. At the time that these issues were all being hashed out, Canada had three national political parties.

Next: Build and Host Options, Previous: Canadian Cross Concepts, Up: Canadian Cross

### 6.3 Build Cross Host Tools

In order to configure a program for a Canadian Cross build, you must first build and install the set of cross tools you will use to build the program.

These tools will be build cross host tools. That is, they will run on the build system, and will produce code that runs on the host system.

It is easy to confuse the meaning of build and host here. Always remember that the build system is where you are doing the build, and the host system is where the resulting program will run. Therefore, you need a build cross host compiler.

In general, you must have a complete cross environment in order to do the build. This normally means a cross compiler, cross assembler, and so forth, as well as libraries and include files for the host system.

Next: CCross not in Cygnus Tree, Previous: Build Cross Host Tools, Up: Canadian Cross

### 6.4 Build and Host Options

When you run configure, you must use both the --build and --host options.

The --build option is used to specify the configuration name of the build system. This can normally be the result of running the config.guess shell script, and it is reasonable to use --build=`config.guess`.

The --host option is used to specify the configuration name of the host system.

As we explained earlier, config.guess is used to set the default value for the --host option (see Using the Host Type). We can now see that since config.guess returns the type of system on which it is run, it really identifies the build system. Since the host system is normally the same as the build system (i.e., people do not normally build using a cross compiler), it is reasonable to use the result of config.guess as the default for the host system when the --host option is not used.

It might seem that if the --host option were used without the --build option that the configure script could run config.guess to determine the build system, and presume a Canadian Cross if the result of config.guess differed from the --host option. However, for historical reasons, some configure scripts are routinely run using an explicit --host option, rather than using the default from config.guess. As noted earlier, it is difficult or impossible to reliably compare configuration names (see Using the Target Type). Therefore, by convention, if the --host option is used, but the --build option is not used, then the build system defaults to the host system.

Next: CCross in Cygnus Tree, Previous: Build and Host Options, Up: Canadian Cross

### 6.5 Canadian Cross not in Cygnus Tree.

If you are not using the Cygnus tree, you must explicitly specify the cross tools which you want to use to build the program. This is done by setting environment variables before running the configure script.

You must normally set at least the environment variables CC, AR, and RANLIB to the cross tools which you want to use to build.

For some programs, you must set additional cross tools as well, such as AS, LD, or NM.

You would set these environment variables to the build cross tools which you are going to use.

For example, if you are building a Solaris program on a GNU/Linux system, and your GNU/Linux cross Solaris compiler were named solaris-gcc, then you would set the environment variable CC to solaris-gcc.

Next: Supporting Canadian Cross, Previous: CCross not in Cygnus Tree, Up: Canadian Cross

### 6.6 Canadian Cross in Cygnus Tree

This section describes configuring and building a Canadian Cross when using the Cygnus tree.

Next: Cross Cygnus CCross, Up: CCross in Cygnus Tree

#### 6.6.1 Building a Normal Program

When configuring a Canadian Cross in the Cygnus tree, all the appropriate environment variables are automatically set to host-tool, where host is the value used for the --host option, and tool is the name of the tool (e.g., gcc, as, etc.). These tools must be on your PATH.

Adding a prefix of host will give the usual name for the build cross host tools. To see this, consider that when these cross tools were built, they were configured to run on the build system and to produce code for the host system. That is, they were configured with a --target option that is the same as the system which we are now calling the host. Recall that the default name for installed cross tools uses the target system as a prefix (see Using the Target Type). Since that is the system which we are now calling the host, host is the right prefix to use.

For example, if you configure with --build=i386-linux-gnu and --host=solaris, then the Cygnus tree will automatically default to using the compiler solaris-gcc. You must have previously built and installed this compiler, probably by doing a build with no --host option and with a --target option of solaris.

Previous: Standard Cygnus CCross, Up: CCross in Cygnus Tree

#### 6.6.2 Building a Cross Program

There are additional considerations if you want to build a cross compiler, rather than a native compiler, in the Cygnus tree using a Canadian Cross.

When you build a cross compiler using the Cygnus tree, then the target libraries will normally be built with the newly built target compiler (see Host and Target Libraries). However, this will not work when building with a Canadian Cross. This is because the newly built target compiler will be a program which runs on the host system, and therefore will not be able to run on the build system.

Therefore, when building a cross compiler with the Cygnus tree, you must first install a set of build cross target tools. These tools will be used when building the target libraries.

Note that this is not a requirement of a Canadian Cross in general. For example, it would be possible to build just the host cross target tools on the build system, to copy the tools to the host system, and to build the target libraries on the host system. The requirement for build cross target tools is imposed by the Cygnus tree, which expects to be able to build both host programs and target libraries in a single configure/make step. Because it builds these in a single step, it expects to be able to build the target libraries on the build system, which means that it must use a build cross target toolchain.

For example, suppose you want to build a Windows cross MIPS ELF compiler on a GNU/Linux system. You must have previously installed both a GNU/Linux cross Windows compiler and a GNU/Linux cross MIPS ELF compiler.

In order to build the Windows (configuration name i386-cygwin32) cross MIPS ELF (configure name mips-elf) compiler, you might execute the following commands (long command lines are broken across lines with a trailing backslash as a continuation character).

         mkdir linux-x-cygwin32
         cd linux-x-cygwin32
         srcdir/configure --target i386-cygwin32 --prefix=installdir \
           --exec-prefix=installdir/H-i386-linux
         make
         make install
         cd ..
         mkdir linux-x-mips-elf
         cd linux-x-mips-elf
         srcdir/configure --target mips-elf --prefix=installdir \
           --exec-prefix=installdir/H-i386-linux
         make
         make install
         cd ..
         mkdir cygwin32-x-mips-elf
         cd cygwin32-x-mips-elf
         srcdir/configure --build=i386-linux-gnu --host=i386-cygwin32 \
           --target=mips-elf --prefix=wininstalldir \
           --exec-prefix=wininstalldir/H-i386-cygwin32
         make
         make install

You would then copy the contents of wininstalldir over to the Windows machine, and run the resulting programs.

Previous: CCross in Cygnus Tree, Up: Canadian Cross

### 6.7 Supporting Canadian Cross

If you want to make it possible to build a program you are developing using a Canadian Cross, you must take some care when writing your configure and make rules. Simple cases will normally work correctly. However, it is not hard to write configure and make tests which will fail in a Canadian Cross.

Next: CCross in Make, Up: Supporting Canadian Cross

#### 6.7.1 Supporting Canadian Cross in Configure Scripts

In a configure.in file, after calling AC_PROG_CC, you can find out whether this is a Canadian Cross configure by examining the shell variable cross_compiling. In a Canadian Cross, which means that the compiler is a cross compiler, cross_compiling will be yes. In a normal configuration, cross_compiling will be no.

You ordinarily do not need to know the type of the build system in a configure script. However, if you do need that information, you can get it by using the macro AC_CANONICAL_SYSTEM, the same macro that is used to determine the target system. This macro will set the variables build, build_alias, build_cpu, build_vendor, and build_os, which correspond to the similar target and host variables, except that they describe the build system.

When writing tests in configure.in, you must remember that you want to test the host environment, not the build environment.

Macros like AC_CHECK_FUNCS which use the compiler will test the host environment. That is because the tests will be done by running the compiler, which is actually a build cross host compiler. If the compiler can find the function, that means that the function is present in the host environment.

Tests like test -f /dev/ptyp0, on the other hand, will test the build environment. Remember that the configure script is running on the build system, not the host system. If your configure scripts examines files, those files will be on the build system. Whatever you determine based on those files may or may not be the case on the host system.

Most autoconf macros will work correctly for a Canadian Cross. The main exception is AC_TRY_RUN. This macro tries to compile and run a test program. This will fail in a Canadian Cross, because the program will be compiled for the host system, which means that it will not run on the build system.

The AC_TRY_RUN macro provides an optional argument to tell the configure script what to do in a Canadian Cross. If that argument is not present, you will get a warning when you run autoconf:

         warning: AC_TRY_RUN called without default to allow cross compiling

This tells you that the resulting configure script will not work with a Canadian Cross.

In some cases while it may better to perform a test at configure time, it is also possible to perform the test at run time. In such a case you can use the cross compiling argument to AC_TRY_RUN to tell your program that the test could not be performed at configure time.

There are a few other autoconf macros which will not work correctly with a Canadian Cross: a partial list is AC_FUNC_GETPGRP, AC_FUNC_SETPGRP, AC_FUNC_SETVBUF_REVERSED, and AC_SYS_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS. The AC_CHECK_SIZEOF macro is generally not very useful with a Canadian Cross; it permits an optional argument indicating the default size, but there is no way to know what the correct default should be.

Previous: CCross in Configure, Up: Supporting Canadian Cross

#### 6.7.2 Supporting Canadian Cross in Makefiles.

The main Canadian Cross issue in a Makefile arises when you want to use a subsidiary program to generate code or data which you will then include in your real program.

If you compile this subsidiary program using $(CC) in the usual way, you will not be able to run it. This is because $(CC) will build a program for the host system, but the program is being built on the build system.

You must instead use a compiler for the build system, rather than the host system. In the Cygnus tree, this make variable $(CC_FOR_BUILD) will hold a compiler for the build system.

Note that you should not include config.h in a file you are compiling with $(CC_FOR_BUILD). The configure script will build config.h with information for the host system. However, you are compiling the file using a compiler for the build system (a native compiler). Subsidiary programs are normally simple filters which do no user interaction, and it is normally possible to write them in a highly portable fashion so that the absence of config.h is not crucial.

The gcc Makefile.in shows a complex situation in which certain files, such as rtl.c, must be compiled into both subsidiary programs run on the build system and into the final program. This approach may be of interest for advanced build system hackers. Note that the build system compiler is rather confusingly called HOST_CC.

## 7 Cygnus Configure

The Cygnus configure script predates autoconf. All of its interesting features have been incorporated into autoconf. No new programs should be written to use the Cygnus configure script.

However, the Cygnus configure script is still used in a few places: at the top of the Cygnus tree and in a few target libraries in the Cygnus tree. Until those uses have been replaced with autoconf, some brief notes are appropriate here. This is not complete documentation, but it should be possible to use this as a guide while examining the scripts themselves.

Next: Cygnus Configure in C++ Libraries, Up: Cygnus Configure

### 7.1 Cygnus Configure Basics

Cygnus configure does not use any generated files; there is no program corresponding to autoconf. Instead, there is a single shell script named configure which may be found at the top of the Cygnus tree. This shell script was written by hand; it was not generated by autoconf, and it is incorrect, and indeed harmful, to run autoconf in the top level of a Cygnus tree.

Cygnus configure works in a particular directory by examining the file configure.in in that directory. That file is broken into four separate shell scripts.

The first is the contents of configure.in up to a line that starts with # per-host:. This is the common part.

The second is the rest of configure.in up to a line that starts with # per-target:. This is the per host part.

The third is the rest of configure.in up to a line that starts with # post-target:. This is the per target part.

The fourth is the remainder of configure.in. This is the post target part.

If any of these comment lines are missing, the corresponding shell script is empty.

Cygnus configure will first execute the common part. This must set the shell variable srctrigger to the name of a source file, to confirm that Cygnus configure is looking at the right directory. This may set the shell variables package_makefile_frag and package_makefile_rules_frag.

Cygnus configure will next set the build and host shell variables, and execute the per host part. This may set the shell variable host_makefile_frag.

Cygnus configure will next set the target variable, and execute the per target part. This may set the shell variable target_makefile_frag.

Any of these scripts may set the subdirs shell variable. This variable is a list of subdirectories where a Makefile.in file may be found. Cygnus configure will automatically look for a Makefile.in file in the current directory. The subdirs shell variable is not normally used, and I believe that the only directory which uses it at present is newlib.

For each Makefile.in, Cygnus configure will automatically create a Makefile by adding definitions for make variables such as host and target, and automatically editing the values of make variables such as prefix if they are present.

Also, if any of the makefile_frag shell variables are set, Cygnus configure will interpret them as file names relative to either the working directory or the source directory, and will read the contents of the file into the generated Makefile. The file contents will be read in after the first line in Makefile.in which starts with ####.

These Makefile fragments are used to customize behaviour for a particular host or target. They serve to select particular files to compile, and to define particular preprocessor macros by providing values for make variables which are then used during compilation. Cygnus configure, unlike autoconf, normally does not do feature tests, and normally requires support to be added manually for each new host.

The Makefile fragment support is similar to the autoconf AC_SUBST_FILE macro.

After creating each Makefile, the post target script will be run (i.e., it may be run several times). This script may further customize the Makefile. When it is run, the shell variable Makefile will hold the name of the Makefile, including the appropriate directory component.

Like an autoconf generated configure script, Cygnus configure will create a file named config.status which, when run, will automatically recreate the configuration. The config.status file will simply execute the Cygnus configure script again with the appropriate arguments.

Any of the parts of configure.in may set the shell variables files and links. Cygnus configure will set up symlinks from the names in links to the files named in files. This is similar to the autoconf AC_LINK_FILES macro.

Finally, any of the parts of configure.in may set the shell variable configdirs to a set of subdirectories. If it is set, Cygnus configure will recursively run the configure process in each subdirectory. If the subdirectory uses Cygnus configure, it will contain a configure.in file but no configure file, in which case Cygnus configure will invoke itself recursively. If the subdirectory has a configure file, Cygnus configure assumes that it is an autoconf generated configure script, and simply invokes it directly.

Previous: Cygnus Configure Basics, Up: Cygnus Configure

### 7.2 Cygnus Configure in C++ Libraries

The C++ library configure system, written by Per Bothner, deserves special mention. It uses Cygnus configure, but it does feature testing like that done by autoconf generated configure scripts. This approach is used in the libraries libio, libstdc++, and libg++.

Most of the Makefile information is written out by the shell script libio/config.shared. Each configure.in file sets certain shell variables, and then invokes config.shared to create two package Makefile fragments. These fragments are then incorporated into the resulting Makefile by the Cygnus configure script.

The file _G_config.h is created in the libio object directory by running the shell script libio/gen-params. This shell script uses feature tests to define macros and typedefs in _G_config.h.

## 8 Multilibs

For some targets gcc may have different processor requirements depending upon command line options. An obvious example is the -msoft-float option supported on several processors. This option means that the floating point registers are not available, which means that floating point operations must be done by calling an emulation subroutine rather than by using machine instructions.

For such options, gcc is often configured to compile target libraries twice: once with -msoft-float and once without. When gcc compiles target libraries more than once, the resulting libraries are called multilibs.

Multilibs are not really part of the GNU configure and build system, but we discuss them here since they require support in the configure scripts and Makefiles used for target libraries.

Next: Multilibs in Target Libraries, Up: Multilibs

### 8.1 Multilibs in gcc

In gcc, multilibs are defined by setting the variable MULTILIB_OPTIONS in the target Makefile fragment. Several other MULTILIB variables may also be defined there. See The Target Makefile Fragment (Using and Porting GNU CC).

If you have built gcc, you can see what multilibs it uses by running it with the -print-multi-lib option. The output .; means that no multilibs are used. In general, the output is a sequence of lines, one per multilib. The first part of each line, up to the ;, is the name of the multilib directory. The second part is a list of compiler options separated by @ characters.

Multilibs are built in a tree of directories. The top of the tree, represented by . in the list of multilib directories, is the default library to use when no special compiler options are used. The subdirectories of the tree hold versions of the library to use when particular compiler options are used.

Previous: Multilibs in gcc, Up: Multilibs

### 8.2 Multilibs in Target Libraries

The target libraries in the Cygnus tree are automatically built with multilibs. That means that each library is built multiple times.

This default is set in the top level configure.in file, by adding --enable-multilib to the list of arguments passed to configure when it is run for the target libraries (see Host and Target Libraries).

Each target library uses the shell script config-ml.in, written by Doug Evans, to prepare to build target libraries. This shell script is invoked after the Makefile has been created by the configure script. If multilibs are not enabled, it does nothing, otherwise it modifies the Makefile to support multilibs.

The config-ml.in script makes one copy of the Makefile for each multilib in the appropriate subdirectory. When configuring in the source directory (which is not recommended), it will build a symlink tree of the sources in each subdirectory.

The config-ml.in script sets several variables in the various Makefiles. The Makefile.in must have definitions for these variables already; config-ml.in simply changes the existing values. The Makefile should use default values for these variables which will do the right thing in the subdirectories.

MULTISRCTOP
  config-ml.in will set this to a sequence of ../ strings, where the number of strings is the number of multilib levels in the source tree. The default value should be the empty string.
MULTIBUILDTOP
  config-ml.in will set this to a sequence of ../ strings, where the number of strings is number of multilib levels in the object directory. The default value should be the empty string. This will differ from MULTISRCTOP when configuring in the source tree (which is not recommended).
MULTIDIRS
  In the top level Makefile only, config-ml.in will set this to the list of multilib subdirectories. The default value should be the empty string.
MULTISUBDIR
  config-ml.in will set this to the installed subdirectory name to use for this subdirectory, with a leading /. The default value shold be the empty string.
MULTIDO
MULTICLEAN
  In the top level Makefile only, config-ml.in will set these variables to commands to use when doing a recursive make. These variables should both default to the string true, so that by default nothing happens.

All references to the parent of the source directory should use the variable MULTISRCTOP. Instead of writing $(srcdir)/.., you must write $(srcdir)/$(MULTISRCTOP)...

Similarly, references to the parent of the object directory should use the variable MULTIBUILDTOP.

In the installation target, the libraries should be installed in the subdirectory MULTISUBDIR. Instead of installing $(libdir)/libfoo.a, install $(libdir)$(MULTISUBDIR)/libfoo.a.

The config-ml.in script also modifies the top level Makefile to add multi-do and multi-clean targets which are used when building multilibs.

The default target of the Makefile should include the following command:

         @$(MULTIDO) $(FLAGS_TO_PASS) DO=all multi-do

This assumes that $(FLAGS_TO_PASS) is defined as a set of variables to pass to a recursive invocation of make. This will build all the multilibs. Note that the default value of MULTIDO is true, so by default this command will do nothing. It will only do something in the top level Makefile if multilibs were enabled.

The install target of the Makefile should include the following command:

         @$(MULTIDO) $(FLAGS_TO_PASS) DO=install multi-do

In general, any operation, other than clean, which should be performed on all the multilibs should use a $(MULTIDO) line, setting the variable DO to the target of each recursive call to make.

The clean targets (clean, mostlyclean, etc.) should use $(MULTICLEAN). For example, the clean target should do this:

         @$(MULTICLEAN) DO=clean multi-clean

## 9 Frequently Asked Questions

Which do I run first, autoconf or automake?
  Except when you first add autoconf or automake support to a package, you shouldn't run either by hand. Instead, configure with the --enable-maintainer-mode option, and let make take care of it.

autoconf says something about undefined macros.
  This means that you have macros in your configure.in which are not defined by autoconf. You may be using an old version of autoconf; try building and installing a newer one. Make sure the newly installled autoconf is first on your PATH. Also, see the next question.

My configure script has stuff like CY_GNU_GETTEXT in it.
  This means that you have macros in your configure.in which should be defined in your aclocal.m4 file, but aren't. This usually means that aclocal was not able to appropriate definitions of the macros. Make sure that you have installed all the packages you need. In particular, make sure that you have installed libtool (this is where AM_PROG_LIBTOOL is defined) and gettext (this is where CY_GNU_GETTEXT is defined, at least in the Cygnus version of gettext).

My Makefile has @ characters in it.
  This may mean that you tried to use an autoconf substitution in your Makefile.in without adding the appropriate AC_SUBST call to your configure script. Or it may just mean that you need to rebuild Makefile in your build directory. To rebuild Makefile from Makefile.in, run the shell script config.status with no arguments. If you need to force configure to run again, first run config.status --recheck. These runs are normally done automatically by Makefile targets, but if your Makefile has gotten messed up you'll need to help them along.

Why do I have to run both config.status --recheck and config.status?
  Normally, you don't; they will be run automatically by Makefile targets. If you do need to run them, use config.status --recheck to run the configure script again with the same arguments as the first time you ran it. Use config.status (with no arguments) to regenerate all files (Makefile, config.h, etc.) based on the results of the configure script. The two cases are separate because it isn't always necessary to regenerate all the files after running config.status --recheck. The Makefile targets generated by automake will use the environment variables CONFIG_FILES and CONFIG_HEADERS to only regenerate files as they are needed.
What is the Cygnus tree?
  The Cygnus tree is used for various packages including gdb, the GNU binutils, and egcs. It is also, of course, used for Cygnus releases. It is the build system which was developed at Cygnus, using the Cygnus configure script. It permits building many different packages with a single configure and make. The configure scripts in the tree are being converted to autoconf, but the general build structure remains intact.
Why do I have to keep rebuilding and reinstalling the tools?
  I know, it's a pain. Unfortunately, there are bugs in the tools themselves which need to be fixed, and each time that happens everybody who uses the tools need to reinstall new versions of them. I don't know if there is going to be a clever fix until the tools stabilize.
Why not just have a Cygnus tree make target to update the tools?
  The tools unfortunately need to be installed before they can be used. That means that they must be built using an appropriate prefix, and it seems unwise to assume that every configuration uses an appropriate prefix. It might be possible to make them work in place, or it might be possible to install them in some subdirectory; so far these approaches have not been implemented.

## Index

- --build option: Build and Host Options
- --host option: Build and Host Options
- --target option: Specifying the Target
- _GNU_SOURCE: Write configure.in
- AC_CANONICAL_HOST: Using the Host Type
- AC_CANONICAL_SYSTEM: Using the Target Type
- AC_CONFIG_HEADER: Write configure.in
- AC_EXEEXT: Write configure.in
- AC_INIT: Write configure.in
- AC_OUTPUT: Write configure.in
- AC_PREREQ: Write configure.in
- AC_PROG_CC: Write configure.in
- AC_PROG_CXX: Write configure.in
- acconfig.h: Written Developer Files
- acconfig.h, writing: Write acconfig.h
- acinclude.m4: Written Developer Files
- aclocal.m4: Generated Developer Files
- AM_CONFIG_HEADER: Write configure.in
- AM_DISABLE_SHARED: Write configure.in
- AM_EXEEXT: Write configure.in
- AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE: Write configure.in
- AM_MAINTAINER_MODE: Write configure.in
- AM_PROG_LIBTOOL: Write configure.in
- AM_PROG_LIBTOOL in configure: FAQ
- build option: Build and Host Options
- building with a cross compiler: Canadian Cross
- canadian cross: Canadian Cross
- canadian cross in configure: CCross in Configure
- canadian cross in cygnus tree: CCross in Cygnus Tree
- canadian cross in makefile: CCross in Make
- canadian cross, configuring: Build and Host Options
- canonical system names: Configuration Names
- config.cache: Build Files Description
- config.h: Build Files Description
- config.h.in: Generated Developer Files
- config.in: Generated Developer Files
- config.status: Build Files Description
- config.status --recheck: FAQ
- configuration names: Configuration Names
- configuration triplets: Configuration Names
- configure: Generated Developer Files
- configure build system: Build and Host Options
- configure host: Build and Host Options
- configure target: Specifying the Target
- configure.in: Written Developer Files
- configure.in, writing: Write configure.in
- configuring a canadian cross: Build and Host Options
- cross compiler: Cross Compilation Concepts
- cross compiler, building with: Canadian Cross
- cross tools: Cross Compilation Tools
- CY_GNU_GETTEXT in configure: FAQ
- cygnus configure: Cygnus Configure
- goals: Goals
- history: History
- host names: Configuration Names
- host option: Build and Host Options
- host system: Host and Target
- host triplets: Configuration Names
- HOST_CC: CCross in Make
- libg++ configure: Cygnus Configure in C++ Libraries
- libio configure: Cygnus Configure in C++ Libraries
- libstdc++ configure: Cygnus Configure in C++ Libraries
- Makefile: Build Files Description
- Makefile, garbage characters: FAQ
- Makefile.am: Written Developer Files
- Makefile.am, writing: Write Makefile.am
- Makefile.in: Generated Developer Files
- multilibs: Multilibs
- stamp-h: Build Files Description
- stamp-h.in: Generated Developer Files
- system names: Configuration Names
- system types: Configuration Names
- target option: Specifying the Target
- target system: Host and Target
- triplets: Configuration Names
- undefined macros: FAQ

## Table of Contents

- 1 Introduction
  - 1.1 Goals
  - 1.2 Tools
  - 1.3 History
  - 1.4 Building
- 2 Getting Started
  - 2.1 Write configure.in
  - 2.2 Write Makefile.am
  - 2.3 Write acconfig.h
  - 2.4 Generate files
  - 2.5 Example
    - 2.5.1 First Try
    - 2.5.2 Second Try
    - 2.5.3 Third Try
    - 2.5.4 Generate Files
- 3 Files
  - 3.1 Developer Files
    - 3.1.1 Developer Files Picture
    - 3.1.2 Written Developer Files
    - 3.1.3 Generated Developer Files
  - 3.2 Build Files
    - 3.2.1 Build Files Picture
    - 3.2.2 Build Files Description
  - 3.3 Support Files
- 4 Configuration Names
  - 4.1 Configuration Name Definition
  - 4.2 Using Configuration Names
- 5 Cross Compilation Tools
  - 5.1 Cross Compilation Concepts
  - 5.2 Host and Target
  - 5.3 Using the Host Type
  - 5.4 Specifying the Target
  - 5.5 Using the Target Type
  - 5.6 Cross Tools in the Cygnus Tree
    - 5.6.1 Host and Target Libraries
    - 5.6.2 Target Library Configure Scripts
    - 5.6.3 Make Targets in Cygnus Tree
    - 5.6.4 Target libiberty
- 6 Canadian Cross
  - 6.1 Canadian Cross Example
  - 6.2 Canadian Cross Concepts
  - 6.3 Build Cross Host Tools
  - 6.4 Build and Host Options
  - 6.5 Canadian Cross not in Cygnus Tree.
  - 6.6 Canadian Cross in Cygnus Tree
    - 6.6.1 Building a Normal Program
    - 6.6.2 Building a Cross Program
  - 6.7 Supporting Canadian Cross
    - 6.7.1 Supporting Canadian Cross in Configure Scripts
    - 6.7.2 Supporting Canadian Cross in Makefiles.
- 7 Cygnus Configure
  - 7.1 Cygnus Configure Basics
  - 7.2 Cygnus Configure in C++ Libraries
- 8 Multilibs
  - 8.1 Multilibs in gcc
  - 8.2 Multilibs in Target Libraries
- 9 Frequently Asked Questions
- Index