Introduction to Simplification (Maxima 5.46.0 Manual)

Next: Functions and Variables for Simplification, Up: Simplification [Contents][Index]

### 9.1 Introduction to Simplification

Maxima interacts with the user through a cycle of actions called the read-eval-print loop (REPL). This consists of three steps: reading and parsing, evaluating and simplifying, and outputting. Parsing converts a syntactically valid sequence of typed characters into a internal data structure. Evaluation replaces variable and function names with their values and simplification rewrites expressions to be easier for the user or other programs to understand. Output displays results in a variety of different formats and notations.

Evaluation and simplification sometimes appear to have similar functionality, and Maxima uses simplification in many cases where other systems use evaluation. For example, arithmetic both on numbers and on symbolic expressions is simplification, not evaluation: `2+2` simplifies to `4`, `2+x+x` simplifies to `2+2*x`, and `sqrt(7)^4` simplifies to `49`. Evaluation and simplification are interleaved. For example, `factor(integrate(x+1,x))` first calls the built-in function `integrate`, giving `x+x*x*2^-1`; that simplifies to `x+(1/2)*x^2`; this in turn is passed to the `factor` function, which returns `(x*(x+2))/2`.

Evaluation is what makes Maxima a programming language: it implements functions, subroutines, variables, values, loops, assignments and so on. Evaluation replaces built-in or user-defined function names by their definitions and variables by their values. This is largely the same as activities of a conventional programming language, but extended to work with symbolic mathematical data. The system has various optional "flags" which the user can set to control the details of evaluation. See Functions and Variables for Evaluation.

Simplification maintains the value of an expression while re-formulating its form to be smaller, simpler to understand, or to conform to a particular specification (like expanded). For example, `sin(%pi/2)` to `1`, and `x+x` to `2*x`. There are many flags which control simplification. For example, with `triginverses:true`, `atan(tan(x))` does not simplify to `x`, but with `triginverses:all`, it does.

Simplification can be provided in three ways:

- The internal, built-in automated simplifier,
- User-written pattern-matching transformations, linked to the simplifier by using "tellsimp" or "tellsimpafter" and called automatically,
- User-written simplification routines adding using the `simplifying` subsystem.

The internal simplifier belongs to the heart of Maxima. It is a large and complicated collection of programs, and it has been refined over many years and by thousands of users. Nevertheless, especially if you are trying out novel ideas or unconventional notation, you may find it helpful to make small (or large) changes to the program yourself. For details see for example the paper at the end of https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~fateman/papers/intro5.txt.

Maxima internally represents expressions as "trees" with operators or "roots" like `+`, `*` , `=` and operands ("leaves") which are variables like x, y, z, functions or sub-trees, like `x*y`. Each operator has a simplification program associated with it. `+` (which also covers binary `-` since `a-b = a+(-1)*b)` and `*` (which also covers `/` since `a/b = a*b^(-1)`) have rather elaborate simplification programs. These simplification programs (simplus, simptimes, simpexpt, etc.) are called whenever the simplifier encounters the respective arithmetic operators in an expression tree to be analyzed.

The structure of the simplifier dates back to 1965, and many hands have worked on it through the years. It is data-directed, or object-oriented in the sense that it dispatches to the appropriate routine depending on the root of some sub-tree of the expression, recursively. This general approach means that modifications to simplification are generally localized. In many cases it is straightforward to add an operator and its simplification routine without disturbing existing code.

Maxima also provides a variety of transformation routines that can change the form of an expression, including `factor` (polynomial factorization), `horner` (reorganize a polynomial using Horner’s rule), `partfrac` (rewrite a rational function as partial fractions), `trigexpand` (apply the sum formulas for trigonometric functions), and so on.

Users can also write routines that change the form of an expression.

Besides this general simplifier operating on algebraic expression trees, there are several other representations of expressions in Maxima which have separate methods. For example, the `rat` function converts polynomials to vectors of coefficients to assist in rapid manipulation of such forms. Other representations include Taylor series and the (rarely used) Poisson series.

All operators introduced by the user initially have no simplification programs associated with them. Maxima does not know anything about function "f" and so typing `f(a,b)` will result in simplifying a,b, but not `f`. Even some built-in operators have no simplifications. For example, `=` does not "simplify" – it is a place-holder with no simplification semantics other than to simplify its two arguments, in this case referred to as the left and right sides. Other parts of Maxima such as the solve program take special note of equations, that is, trees with `=` as the root. (Note – in Maxima, the assignment operation is `:` . That is, `q: 4` sets the value of the symbol q to `4`. Function definition is done with `:=`. )

The general simplifier returns results with an internal flag indicating the expression and each sub-expression has been simplified. This does not guarantee that it is unique over all possible equivalent expressions. That’s too hard (theoretically, not possible given the generality of what can be expressed in Maxima). However, some aspects of the expression, such as the ordering of terms in a sum or product, are made uniform. This is important for the other programs to work properly.

A number of option variables control simplification. Indeed, simplification can be turned off entirely using `simp:false`. However, many internal routines will not operate correctly with `simp:false`. (About the only time it seems plausible to turn off the simplifier is in the rare case that you want to over-ride a built-in simplification. In that case you might temporarily disable the simplifier, put in the new transformation via `tellsimp`, and then re-enable the simplifier by `simp:true`.)

It is more plausible for you to associate user-defined symbolic function names or operators with properties (`additive`, `lassociative`, `oddfun`, `antisymmetric`, `linear`, `outative`, `commutative`, `multiplicative`, `rassociative`, `evenfun`, `nary` and `symmetric`). These options steer the simplifier processing in systematic directions.

For example, `declare(f,oddfun)` specifies that `f` is an odd function. Maxima will simplify `f(-x)` to `-f(x)`. In the case of an even function, that is `declare(g,evenfun)`, Maxima will simplify `g(-x)` to `g(x)`. You can also associate a programming function with a name such as `h(x):=x^2+1`. In that case the evaluator will immediately replace `h(3)` by `10`, and `h(a+1)` by `(a+1)^2+1`, so any properties of `h` will be ignored.

In addition to these directly related properties set up by the user, facts and properties from the actual context may have an impact on the simplifier’s behavior, too. See Introduction to Maxima’s Database.

Example: `sin(n*%pi)` is simplified to zero, if n is an integer.

    (%i1) sin(n*%pi);
    (%o1)                      sin(%pi n)

    (%i2) declare(n, integer);
    (%o2)                         done

    (%i3) sin(n*%pi);
    (%o3)                           0

If automated simplification is not sufficient, you can consider a variety of built-in, but explicitly called simplfication functions (`ratsimp`, `expand`, `factor`, `radcan` and others). There are also flags that will push simplification into one or another direction. Given `demoivre:true` the simplifier rewrites complex exponentials as trigonometric forms. Given `exponentialize:true` the simplifier tries to do the reverse: rewrite trigonometric forms as complex exponentials.

As everywhere in Maxima, by writing your own functions (be it in the Maxima user language or in the implementation language Lisp) and explicitly calling them at selected places in the program, you can respond to your individual simplification needs. Lisp gives you a handle on all the internal mechanisms, but you rarely need this full generality. "Tellsimp" is designed to generate much of the Lisp internal interface into the simplifier automatically. See See Rules and Patterns.

Over the years (Maxima/Macsyma’s origins date back to about 1966!) users have contributed numerous application packages and tools to extend or alter its functional behavior. Various non-standard and "share" packages exist to modify or extend simplification as well. You are invited to look into this more experimental material where work is still in progress See simplification.

The following appended material is optional on a first reading, and reading it is not necessary for productive use of Maxima. It is for the curious user who wants to understand what is going on, or the ambitious programmer who might wish to change the (open-source) code. Experimentation with redefining Maxima Lisp code is easily possible: to change the definition of a Lisp program (say the one that simplifies `cos()`, named `simp%cos`), you simply load into Maxima a text file that will overwrite the `simp%cos` function from the maxima package.

Next: Functions and Variables for Simplification, Up: Simplification [Contents][Index]